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Abstract：
The major insect pest of Australian cool temperate pastures is the root-feeding insect Heteronychus arator (African black beetle, ABB). Significant pasture damage can occur even at low ABB densities (11 individuals per square meter), and often re-sowing of the whole paddock is required. Mitigation of the effects of pasture pests, and in particular subterranean species such as the larval form of ABB, can be challenging. Early detection is limited by the ability to visualize above-ground symptoms, and chemical control of insects in soil is often ineffective. This review takes a look at the historical events that molded the pastoral landscape in Australia. The importation route, changes in land management and pasture composition by European settlers may have aided the establishment of ABB in Australia. Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne is discussed as it is one of the most important perennial agricultural grasses and is widely-sown in moderate-to-high-rainfall temperate zones of the world. Endophytic fungi from the genus Epichloë form symbiotic relationships with cool season grasses such as Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass). They have been studied extensively and are well documented for enhancing persistence in pasture via a suite of bioactive secondary metabolites produced by the fungal symbionts. Several well-characterized secondary metabolites are discussed. Some can have negative effects on cattle (e.g., ergovaline and lolitrems) while others have been shown to benefit the host plant through deterrence of insect pests from feeding and by insecticidal activity (e.g., peramine, lolines, ergopeptines). Various control methods for ABB are also discussed, with a focus on the potential role of asexual Epichloë endophytes.
摘要：
澳大利亚凉爽温带牧场的主要害虫是以根为食的昆虫Heteronychusarator（非洲黑甲虫，ABB)。即使在低ABB密度（每平方米11个人）下，也可能发生重大的牧场破坏，并且经常需要重新播种整个围场。缓解牧场害虫的影响，特别是地下物种，如ABB的幼虫形式，可以是具有挑战性的。早期发现受限于可视化地上症状的能力，对土壤中的昆虫进行化学控制通常是无效的。这篇评论介绍了塑造澳大利亚田园景观的历史事件。进口路线,欧洲定居者的土地管理和牧场组成的变化可能有助于在澳大利亚建立ABB。讨论了多年生黑麦草多年生黑麦草，因为它是最重要的多年生农业草之一，并在世界中到高降雨温带地区广泛播种。来自Epichloe属的内生真菌与冷季草例如黑麦草（多年生黑麦草）形成共生关系。它们已经得到了广泛的研究，并且有充分的文献证明，它们通过真菌共生体产生的一套生物活性次级代谢产物来增强牧场的持久性。讨论了几种特征明确的次级代谢产物。有些会对牛产生负面影响(例如，麦角缬氨酸和lolitrems），而其他已被证明可以通过阻止害虫的摄食和杀虫活性使寄主植物受益（例如，peramine,洛林,ergopeptines)。还讨论了ABB的各种控制方法，重点研究了无性伊皮克洛内生菌的潜在作用。
