This research presents a comprehensive review of Salmonella presence in retail fresh fruits and vegetables from 2010 to 2023, utilizing data from recognized sources such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The study incorporates a meta-analysis of prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Additionally, it scrutinizes the heterogeneous sources across various food categories and geographical regions The findings show a pooled prevalence of 2.90% (95% CI: 0.0180-0.0430), with an increase from 4.63% in 2010 to 5.32% in 2022. Dominant serovars include S. Typhimurium (29.14%, 95% CI: 0.0202-0.6571) and S. Enteritidis (21.06%, 95% CI: 0.0181-0.4872). High resistance rates were noted for antimicrobials like erythromycin (60.70%, 95% CI: 0.0000-1.0000) and amoxicillin (39.92%, 95% CI: 0.0589-0.8020). The most prevalent ARGs were blaTEM (80.23%, 95% CI: 0.5736-0.9692) and parC mutation (66.67%, 95% CI: 0.3213-0.9429). Factors such as pH, water activity, and nutrient content, along with external factors like the quality of irrigation water and prevailing climatic conditions, have significant implications on Salmonella contamination. Nonthermal sterilization technologies, encompassing chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet light, are emphasized as efficacious measures to control Salmonella. This review stresses the imperative need to bolster prevention strategies and control measures against Salmonella in retail fresh fruits and vegetables to alleviate related food safety risks.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of various types and ages of grape wines and the correlation these spectra presented with their phenolic constituents. Firstly, the differences in UV spectra were characterized for different wine samples, depending on their type and age.
METHODS: The following methods were used in this study: ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry, Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method, high-performance liquid chromatography.
RESULTS: Then, it was demonstrated that for identically aged wines, the 280 nm absorbance is proportional to the concentration of phenolic compounds, as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Next, an investigation was conducted into the absorption coefficients of different phenolic classes commonly found in grapes and wine. Finally, the range in variation of phenolic compounds in various types of grape wines was established.
CONCLUSIONS: This work provides a methodological approach to rapidly determine the concentration of phenolic compounds in wines using UV spectroscopy, provided that their age is known. As UV spectrophotometers are available in nearly all laboratories, this may provide a cheaper and faster alternative to current methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Listeria monocytogenes biofilms formed on food-contact surfaces within food-processing facilities pose a significant challenge, serving as persistent sources of cross-contamination. In this review, we examined documented cases of foodborne outbreaks and recalls linked to L. monocytogenes contamination on equipment surfaces and in the food production environment, provided an overview of the prevalence and persistence of L. monocytogenes in different food-processing facilities, and discussed environmental factors influencing its biofilm formation. We further delved into antimicrobial interventions, such as chemical sanitizers, thermal treatments, biological control, physical treatment, and other approaches for controlling L. monocytogenes biofilms on food-contact surfaces. This review provides valuable insights into the persistent challenge of L. monocytogenes biofilms in food processing, offering a foundation for future research and practical strategies to enhance food safety.

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a chemical of emerging concern which has persistent and bioaccumulating impacts as it can be found extensively in freshwater ecosystem and agricultural products. It has exposure risk and toxic effects over human edible fish, as common carp. Four groups were designed for toxicity assessment and detoxification approach: control group (CL), CYP exposure group (CYP), CYP + 10% M. oleifera leaves and 10% M. oleifera seeds (CMO group), 10% M. oleifera leaves and 10% M. oleifera seeds (MO group). Trial period was forty days during which cohort of 240 fish in CYP and CMO group was exposed to 1/5 of 96h LC50 of CYP (0.1612 μg/L). CYP-exposed carp exhibited lower growth parameters, but carp fed with 10% M. oleifera seeds and leaves showed significant improvement in growth rate (SGR, RGR) and weight gain (WG) as compared to the control group. CYP exposure negatively affected haemato-biochemical parameters. Moreover, CYP exposure also led to oxidative stress, damaged immunological parameters, genotoxicity and histopathological damage in liver and intestinal cells. Whereas, M. oleifera supplementation has ameliorated these conditions. Thereby, supplementation with M. oleifera is potential and novel therapeutic detoxication approach for common carp and human health against persistent and bioaccumulating emerging chemicals.

Cyanobacteria are highly prevalent blue-green algae that grow in stagnant and nutrient-rich water bodies. Environmental conditions, such as eutrophication and human activities, increased the cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater resources worldwide. The excessive bloom formation has also resulted in an alarming surge of cyanobacterial toxins. Prolonged exposure to cyanotoxins is a potential threat to natural ecosystems, animal and human health by the spoilage of the quality of bathing and drinking water. Various molecular and analytical methods have been proposed to monitor their occurrence and understand their global distribution. Moreover, different physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been employed to control cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins to mitigate their occurrence. Numerous strategies have been engaged in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). However, the degree of treatment varies greatly and is primarily determined by the source, water properties, and operating parameters such as temperature, pH, and cyanotoxin variants and levels. A comprehensive compilation of methods, from traditional approaches to more advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are presented for the removal of intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins. This review discusses the effectiveness of various physicochemical operations and their limitations in a DWTP, for the removal of various cyanotoxins. These operations span from simple to advanced treatment levels with varying degrees of effectiveness and differing costs of implementation. Furthermore, mitigation measures applied in other toxin systems have been considered as alternative strategies.

Septoria tritici blotch or Septoria leaf blotch has been used for long time, but leaf blotch is a correct disease name. Moreover, Lb resistant gene is the correct name, but, not Stb gene. It has sexual and asexual parts on the mycelia, known as heterothallic fungi. Its pathogenic diversity ranged from 40% to 93% and has produced a wide variety of AvrLb6 haplotypes. M. graminicola has a plasmogamy and karyogamy sexual process. The pathogen can use macropycnidiospores, micropycnidiospores, and pycnidia vegetative growths for infection and overwintering. Synthetic M3, Kavkaz-K4500, Synthetic 6×, and TE9111 wheat genotypes have horizontal resistance. Avirulence (Avr) genes in Z. tritici and their matching wheat (R) genes indicate gene for gene mechanisms of resistance. Twenty-two R genes (vertical resistance) have been identified. In both horizontal and vertical resistance, different Lb genes have been broken down due to new Z.tritici virulent gene and currently Lb19 resistant gene is being recommended. Mixing of resistant and susceptible cultivars is also the most effective management strategy. Moreover, different cultural practices and biological control have been proposed. Lastly, different fungicides are also available. However, in developing countries cultivar mixture, isolates diversity, biological control, and epidemic studies have been greatly missed.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of ginger essential oil (GEO) and 6-gingerol on a multispecies biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a polypropylene surface. The minimum inhibitory concentration concentrations obtained for GEO were 100 and 50 mg/mL and for 6-gingerol 1.25 mg/mL. Sessile cell counts ranged within 5.35-7.35 log CFU/cm2 in the control biofilm, with the highest sessile growth at 72 h. GEO treatments acted on the total population regardless of concentration at 1 and 48 h. L. monocytogenes behaved similarly to the total population, showing GEO action at 1 h and keeping the same pattern at 48, 72, and 96 h. Better action on S. Typhimurium was obtained at times of 1, 72, and 96 h. P. aeruginosa showed logarithmic reduction only when treated with GEO 50 mg at 24 h. As for 6-gingerol, in general, there was no significant action (p > 0.05) on the evaluated sessile cells. GEO showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa, acting as an inhibitor of biofilm formation. As for 6-gingerol, it was considered a possible antimicrobial agent but without efficacy during biofilm formation.

Orobanche crenata is a parasitic weed representing a serious constraint to crop production in the Mediterranean basin. Here, we aim to evaluate the global scientific research status and trends of O. crenata through a bibliometric analysis to identify prominent research themes, development trends, and major contributors in terms of authors, institutions, countries, and journals. In the span of 53 years, from 1968 to 2021, 274 articles related to this field were retrieved from Scopus database and were analyzed using VOSviewer and BiblioShiny software. Results showed that 70.4% of all articles on O. crenata have been published in the last two decades. \"Control methods\" was the most prevalent research theme with 55.9% of all articles. Weed Research is the most influential journal. The countries with the highest number of articles were Spain, Egypt, and Italy. The Institute for Sustainable Agriculture is the most involved institution, contributing to 31.7% of all articles, and authors from Spain were the most productive. The latest research literature (5 years) was performed mainly by authors from Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia, emphasizing the persistence of this constraint in these countries. Keyword analysis revealed that \"Vicia faba\", \"germination\", and \"legumes\" are the most researched hotspots. Despite the growing collaborative behavior in this area, cooperation between countries is still deficient and should be extended to countries that are recently affected by this scourge to exchange expertise already acquired by experienced researchers, thus allowing better worldwide control of this parasitic weed.

Particulate matter (PM) as a major air pollutant, generally includes filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM). CPM has gradually attracted widespread attention recently, due to its increasing proportion in total PM emissions. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units, the main emission source in refineries, mostly use wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), which will produce a large amount of CPM. However, CPM emission and composition of FCC units are actually unclear. In this work, we aimed to understand the emission characteristics of CPM in FCC flue gas and provide some potential control strategies. Here, the stack tests of three typical FCC units were conducted to monitor FPM and CPM, and the field monitoring FPM results are higher than the concentration provided by Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). The emission of CPM is at a high-level concentration from 28.88 to 86.17 mg/Nm3, divided into inorganic fraction and organic fraction. The inorganic fraction is mainly composed in CPM, where water-soluble ions including SO42-, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, CN-, Cl-, and F-, are the major contributors. Moreover, a variety of organic compounds are detected as qualitative analysis of organic fraction in CPM, which can be roughly classified into alkanes, esters, aromatics, and others. Finally, on the basis of the understanding of the characteristics of CPM, we have proposed two strategies for CPM control. This work is expected to advance CPM emission regulation and control in FCC units.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the culture method on the resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium in low water activity foods to storage, plasma, and dry heat. Whole black peppers were used as the model food. S. Typhimurium cultured in liquid broth (tryptic soy broth) or solid agar (tryptic soy agar) and inoculated on whole black pepper was stored or treated with cold plasma or dry heat. Inactivation of S. Typhimurium cultured in liquid medium was higher in all the treatments. Liquid-cultured S. Typhimurium showed higher DPPP = O (diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine oxide) values compared to the solid-cultured S. Typhimurium after plasma or dry heat treatment. Furthermore, the unsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid ratio (USFA/SFA) was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from 0.41 to 0.29 when S. Typhimurium was cultured on solid agar. These results suggested that the use of food-borne pathogens cultured on solid agar is more suitable for low water activity food pasteurization studies.