背景:马拉色菌,属于担子菌群的亲脂性和脂肪依赖性酵母,是与各种皮肤疾病相关的机会性真菌病原体,包括脂溢性皮炎和头皮屑。通常,新生儿的马拉色菌感染表现为真菌血症或向骨或肺的血行播散。然而,由于非特异性临床表现和实验室/影像学发现,由这些真菌引起的椎体骨髓炎很少报道.病原体宏基因组学测序(PMseq)技术可以直接对感染标本进行高通量测序,通过全面的报告,促进临床样品中所有微生物的快速准确检测。
方法:2022年7月20日,我院收治52岁男性,有3个月的门诊困难和局限性下腰痛病史。脊柱的磁共振成像(MRI)检查显示不规则的骨破坏影响L2,L3和L5椎体。此外,在L3和L5之间的椎间盘观察到低T1和高T2强度病变。根据影像学表现对结核性脊柱炎进行推定诊断,尽管所有分枝杆菌测试结果均为阴性。然而,患者在接受常规抗结核治疗3个月后未出现改善.随后的MRI显示椎体内存在扩张性异常信号,导致进行性骨骼破坏。通过来自L4椎体的血液和病理组织的培养证实不存在脊柱结核或其他感染性微生物。随后,对标本进行PMseq,揭示M.liquitta是相对丰度值最高的主要病原体。病理检查显示L4椎体中存在真菌菌丝体,周期性席夫亚甲基胺和高碘酸席夫氏染色呈阳性。抗结核治疗已停止,并给予氟康唑和伏立康唑的抗真菌组合。所有症状均在连续治疗7个月后缓解。病人能够自主走动。在13个月的随访期间,MRI显示椎体病变减少。
结论:M.restricta不是与感染性椎体骨髓炎相关的常见病原体。然而,PMseq可以帮助诊断,及时治疗,以及一些非特异性传染病的决策。
BACKGROUND: Malassezia restricta, a lipophilic and lipodependent yeast belonging to the basidiomycetes group, is an opportunistic fungal pathogen associated with various skin diseases, including seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. Typically, Malassezia infection in neonates manifests as fungemia or hematogenous dissemination to the bone or lungs. However, vertebral osteomyelitis caused by these fungi is rarely reported owing to non-specific clinical presentations and laboratory/imaging findings. The Pathogen Metagenomics Sequencing (PMseq) technique enables direct high-throughput sequencing of infected specimens, facilitating the rapid and accurate detection of all microorganisms in clinical samples through comprehensive reports.
METHODS: A 52-year-old male was admitted to our hospital on July 20, 2022 with a 3-month history of ambulatory difficulties and localized low back pain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of the spinal column revealed irregular bone destruction affecting the L2, L3, and L5 vertebral bodies. Additionally, low T1 and high T2 intensity lesions were observed at the intervertebral discs between L3 and L5. The presumptive diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis was made based on the imaging findings, despite negative results in all mycobacterium tests. However, the patient exhibited no improvement after receiving regular anti-tuberculosis treatment for 3 months. Subsequent MRI revealed an expansive abnormal signal within the vertebral body, leading to progressive bone destruction. The absence of spinal tuberculosis or other infective microorganisms was confirmed through culture from blood and pathological tissue from the L4 vertebral body. Subsequently, PMseq was performed on the specimens, revealing M. restricta as the predominant pathogen with the highest relative abundance value. The pathological examination revealed the presence of fungal mycelium in the L4 vertebral body, with positive findings on periodic Schiff-methenamine and periodic acid-Schiff staining. The anti-tuberculosis treatment was discontinued, and an antifungal combination of fluconazole and voriconazole was administered. All symptoms were resolved after 7 consecutive months of treatment, and the patient was able to ambulate autonomously. Vertebral lesions were reduced on MRI during the 13-month follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: M. restricta is not a commonly recognized pathogen associated with infectious vertebral osteomyelitis. However, PMseq can aid in diagnosis, timely treatment, and decision making for some non-specific infectious diseases.