Exploding population, industrialization, and an increase in water pollution has led to acute shrinkage in freshwater availability. Numerous countries have started exploring municipal wastewater as a new potential source of water to bring a paradigm shift from linearity to obtaining circularity in human water cycle management. This study aims to develop a decision support system for integrated water and wastewater management (DSS_IWWM), targeted towards reuse-focused selection of appropriate wastewater treatment technology, and localized planning around STPs in terms of reclaimed water demand identification, estimation, allocation, and sustainable pricing. The developed DSS_IWWM comprises of a repository of fourteen reuse purposes, reuse quality criteria, and 25 wastewater treatment technologies (WWTTs) in 360 combinations. It is sensitive to local resource scenarios and applies a socioeconomic and technology-focused methodology for addressing the interests of the community and investing agencies and viably. To validate the application of the DSS_IWWM, it is first tested with data from three cities in the state of Uttar Pradesh (India)-Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Agra-and then extended to nine more Indian cities with varying influent quality characteristics, resource inputs, existing STP technologies, and same target quality and decision criteria prioritization, to present a comparison of appropriate WWTTs and associated average prices obtained in different scenarios. It is concluded that influent quality, existing technology, and target quality criteria play significant role in selection of appropriate WWTTs. The traditional technologies such as UASB and ASP are required to be augmented and supplemented with high-performing WWTTs, such as BIOFOR-F with (C + F + RSF) and SBT + WP to obtain desired effluent quality. High-performing advanced oxidation process (AOP)-based systems such as A2O, SBR, and BIOFOR-F require WWTTs with relatively lower average costs (such as SBT and OP). The developed DSS_IWWM may prove to be very useful and beneficial for policymakers, government officials, engineers, and scientific community as it will facilitate rational decision-making for efficient investment planning in reuse focused wastewater treatment towards achieving circular economy in sustainable water resource management.

This study proposes a hybrid approach for accurately predicting water demand by integrating socio-economic variables, such as population and GDP (per capita), with climatic variables, including temperature and precipitation. The prediction model utilizes an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), effectively capturing the dynamic relationships between the input variables and water demand. The Improved Ant Nesting Algorithm is employed to fine-tune the weights and biases to optimize the network\'s performance. To evaluate the predictive accuracy of the model, a comprehensive dataset consisting of socio-economic and climatic factors is utilized for training and testing purposes. Performance metrics, namely Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Correlation Coefficients (R2), are employed as evaluation criteria. The results demonstrate that the hybrid approach achieves accurate water supply predictions, showcasing its potential to contribute significantly to effective water resource management and decision-making processes. Based on the results, IANA-ELM is considered the best model due to its high R2 values. Specifically, in the training data, the R2 values are 0.693 for population, 0.624 for GDP per capita, 0.607 for temperature, and 0.708 for rainfall. Similarly, in the test data, the R2 values are 0.672 for population, 0.608 for GDP per capita, 0.592 for temperature, and 0.708 for rainfall. This integrated approach provides a robust tool for policymakers, water utility companies, and researchers in the field of water managements, enabling them to make informed decisions based on accurate predictions of water demand.

This study employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools and spatial data to evaluate water resource availability for livestock watering in Algeria\'s southwestern Wilaya of Naama. The research adopts a two-stage approach, starting with the creation of seven thematic maps encompassing livestock water needs, proximity to water sources, water quantities from boreholes, hillside reservoirs, wells, and springs, precipitation, and land use/land cover (LULC). Subsequently, an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is utilized to identify suitable areas within the Wilaya for livestock watering. Beyond its primary objective of establishing a benchmark for water resources to facilitate optimal and sustainable livestock management, this study also aims to assess suitable sites for livestock and provide a comprehensive evaluation of water resources for grazing. The findings reveal that the majority of the area is unsuitable for grazing due to limited water resources, with approximately 2.43% being \"highly suitable\" (S1), 13.42% \"moderately suitable\" (S2), and the remaining 84.15% categorized as \"marginally suitable\" (S3), \"temporarily unsuitable\" (N1), or \"permanently unsuitable\" (N2). These results underscore the significance of GIS and spatial analysis in natural resource management and emphasize the need for further research to refine the methodology. The data generated in this study will be invaluable to researchers and water stakeholders for informed decision-making in this sensitive zone.

The potential for biogas provision through household-scale anaerobic digestion in rural sub-Saharan Africa is limited due to perceived water shortages. The most common substrate is animal dung diluted 1:1 with water. Two experimental methods tested the potential of reducing water demand. The first experiment compared the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile solid removal of four cow dung dilutions ranging from 3.5-10.6% total solids. In the second experiment, bioslurry filtrate was recirculated back into the fresh substrate at different concentrations. The highest COD removal rate of 28.3% was obtained from mixing equal volumes of dung with filtrate (mean total solids 7.4%) while the highest methane production rate of 0.40 g/L/day, calculated from COD balance, was obtained from undiluted cow dung (total solids 10.6%). Results suggest the potential for a 75-100% reduction in water demand.

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of sustainable agricultural management solutions at a farm level to mitigate water security threats in one of Brazil\'s agricultural frontiers - the Grande River basin. The paper addresses future challenges to water security in the river basin and explores how effective solutions are at a farm level to mitigate current and future water security threats at a basin scale. Based on the assessment of multiple drivers, higher future water security threats in the region are predicted in 2040 due to climate change, land use modification and corresponding changes in water use. The paper finds that the Formosa do Rio Preto region, which is not currently water-insecure, may turn into a water security hotspot area by 2040. The effective response index for water security (ERI-WS), based on the qualitative assessment of the impact at the farm scale, is used to evaluate the effectiveness of current sustainable management practices in addressing water security challenges. The water security dimensions approach of the ERI-WS shows that >50 % of the sites have technologies that can have positive impacts on the \"Drinking water and human well-being\", \"Economic activities and development\", \"Ecosystem\" and the \"Resilience\" dimensions. The paper finds that 66 % of the farms have efficient soil, land, and water management solutions (ERI-WS > 0.5) to address current and future water security issues. These solutions range from sustainable grazing land management to integrated plant nutrition management to enhanced soil productivity. However, 15 % of the farms located in vulnerable areas of the municipalities of São Desidério, Barreiras and Catolândia have lower effectiveness. Results also indicate that 36 % of the sites, distributed in 8 municipalities, employ nature-based solutions to mitigate water security threats, mainly those related to water quality conditions in downstream areas, indicating the relevance of these practices in the region.

Water planning and management is very crucial for all computing sectors for water uses to maximize the scarce and allocated water uses based on their demands sustainably in Ethiopia\'s upper Bilate watershed. The shortage of surface water, especially during dry months, has become a major point of contention between upstream and downstream water users in the upper Bilate River. Therefore, the key objectives of the study are to evaluate the surface water resources and determine the best distribution for a range of requirements in the watershed. The historical climatic and stream flow daily data for the period of 2010-2019 have been used for the analysis. Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System-Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension with the Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System was used for rainfall-runoff analysis. The model output further represents that the yearly overall surface water of the watershed is 502 MC M. Estimated annual environmental requirement is 75.32MCM which is 15% of the average annual available flow in watershed. Current annual irrigation, livestock, and domestic water demand were estimated to be 19.34 MC M, 12.39 MC M, and 79.4 MC M, respectively. The net amount of water delivered was 19.25 MC M, 79.28 MC M, and 12.36 MC M for irrigation, domestic, and Livestock demands, respectively, in the reference scenario. In the currently available (reference) scenario, 99.8% of the water supply need had been fulfilled, yet only 0.2% of the requirements for water were unmet. Average annual water demand of 111.13 MC M in the current scenario growth to 176.08 MC M when the future growth scenario. In contrast, for the future irrigation development and population projections scenario, 69.8% of the supply-demand became acquainted, and 30.2% of the demand for water remained unfulfilled in 2035. Therefore, to realize good water availability for productive use and allocate water optimal manner constructing a hydraulic structure (dam) upstream of the watershed was recommended.

The article considered the issues of the modification of gypsum stone to improve its performance properties. The influence of mineral additives on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the modified gypsum composition is described. The composition of the gypsum mixture included slaked lime and an aluminosilicate additive in the form of ash microspheres. It was isolated from ash and slag waste from fuel power plants as a result of their enrichment. This made it possible to reduce the carbon content in the additive to 3%. Modified compositions of the gypsum composition are proposed. The binder was replaced with an aluminosilicate microsphere. Hydrated lime was used to activate it. Its content varied: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% of the weight of the gypsum binder. Replacing the binder with an aluminosilicate product for the enrichment of ash and slag mixtures made it possible to improve the structure of the stone and increase its operational properties. The compressive strength of the gypsum stone was 9 MPa. This is more than 100% higher than the strength of the control composition of gypsum stone. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of using an aluminosilicate additive-a product of enrichment of ash and slag mixtures. The use of an aluminosilicate component for the production of modified gypsum mixtures allows the saving of gypsum resources. Developed formulations of gypsum compositions using aluminosilicate microspheres and chemical additives provide the specified performance properties. This makes it possible to use them in the production of self-leveling floors, plastering and puttying works. Replacing traditional compositions with a new composition based on waste has a positive effect on the preservation of the natural environment and contributes to the formation of comfortable conditions for human habitation.

Water use of domestic activities was quantified by interviewing 217 people in a peri-urban community near Bandung, Indonesia. Resulting in data on domestic water demand and data needed for exposure modelling of domestic activities: drinking, cooking, brushing teeth, swimming, bathing, laundry, dishwashing, religious cleansing, washing hands and cleaning food. Average total domestic water usage was 117 l/person/day, topping the WHO guidelines for basic needs (50-100 l/person/day). This water use level is comparable with higher income countries for the same set of activities but 100% higher than water use in an Indonesian traditional rural community. The final dataset provides insight in quantity of water used for domestic activities, as well as the use-frequency, duration and water sources used. These data are scarce for Indonesia and other low-middle income countries but necessary for water demand studies and estimating risks through exposure to pathogens and emerging contaminants in human exposure modelling.

Water shortage could play an imperative role in the future due to an influx of water demand when compared to water supplies. Inadequate water could damage human life and other aspects related to living. This serious issue can be prevented by estimating the demand for water to bridge the small gap between demand and supplies for water. Some water consumption data recorded daily may be missing and could affect the estimated value of water demand. In this article, new ratio estimators for estimating population total are proposed under unequal probability sampling without replacement when data are missing. Two situations are considered: known or unknown mean of an auxiliary variable and missing data are missing at random for both study and auxiliary variables. The variance and associated estimators of the proposed estimators are investigated under a reverse framework. The proposed estimators are applied to data from simulation studies and empirical data on water demand in Thailand which contain some missing values, to assess the efficacies of the estimators.

Understanding the available resources and the needs of those who use them is necessary for the evaluation and allocation of water resources. The main sectors utilizing the basin water resources are agriculture, drinking water, animal husbandry, and industries, and the efficient and rational management of water resources to be distributed among those different sectors of activity is vital. This study attempts to develop an integrated water resource management system for the Dhasan River Basin (DRB) by employing a scenario analysis approach in conjunction with Water Evaluation and Planning Model (WEAP) to analyze trends in water use and anticipated demand between 2015 and 2050, simulating five possible scenarios (I, II, III, IV, and V) as for external driving factors. For the WEAP modeling framework, 2015 was chosen as a current (base) year for which all available information and input data were given to the model and the future demand situation was analyzed for the period 2016-2050 (forecasting period). From the findings, it was observed that for the forecasting period, total water demand, unmet demand, and streamflow were 185.29 Bm3, 117.35 Bm3, and 58.26 Bm3, respectively, in the case of scenario I; 232.34 Bm3, 162.17 Bm3, and 59.87 Bm3 in case of scenario II; 139.40 Bm3, 84.37 Bm3, and 58.15 Bm3 in case of scenario III; 186.15 Bm3, 118.76 Bm3, and 56.98 Bm3 in case of scenario IV; and 181.89 Bm3, 96.87 Bm3, and 53.11 Bm3 in case of scenario V. Results of the study indicated that by 2050, increasing population growth, industrial development, and an increase in the agricultural area will rise the water demand dramatically, posing threats to the environment and humans. Therefore, implementing improved irrigation technologies, advancing agricultural practices on farms, and constructing water conservation and retaining structures could significantly reduce the unmet demands and shortfalls in DRB. Overall findings reveal that the pressure on the Dhasan water resources would increase in the future, and thus several suggestions have been provided to assist decision-makers in sustainable planning and management of water resources to meet future demands.