Background: Malnutrition has important short- and long-term consequences in children under age five. Malnutrition encompasses undernutrition, overnutrition, and the coexistence of both of them, known as the double burden of malnutrition (DBM). Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition, overnutrition, and the DBM among these children at the national level and by living area in Panama. Methods: Data from the National Health Survey of Panama (ENSPA, Spanish acronym), a population-based, cross-sectional study carried out in 2019 were used. Stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity were defined according to the cut-off points of the World Health Organization Growth Standards. Undernutrition was defined as being stunted only, wasted only or both; overnutrition was defined as being overweight only or obese only; and the DBM was defined as the co-occurence of stunting and overweight/obesity in the same child. Prevalence and general characteristics at the national level and by living area were weighted. Findings: The prevalence of undernutrition was 15.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.4-17.3) at the national level and 36.6% (CI: 30.1-43.5) in indigenous areas. The prevalence of overnutrition was 10.2% (8.2-12.6) at the national level and 11.9% (CI: 8.5-16.3), 8.4% (CI: 6.5-10.7) and 8.7% (CI: 5.2-14.3) in urban, rural and indigenous areas, respectively. The DBM prevalence was 1.4% (CI: 1.0-2.1) at the national level and 2.7% (CI: 1.4-5.1) in indigenous areas. Conclusions: Undernutrition is still the most prevalent malnutrition condition in our country. Panama has the highest prevalence of overnutrition in Central America. The highest prevalence of undernutrition and DBM was found among children living in indigenous areas.

Wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS), a serious disease in captive common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) colonies, is associated with a high mortality rate. The specific cause of WMS is still unclear and there are few effective treatments. Previously, we had reported a tranexamic acid therapy with supportive measures as a useful treatment for WMS. In the present study, we describe the modified method: a combination of 0.1 mL of 5% tranexamic acid subcutaneously five times per week, 2.0 mL of amino acid formulation intravenously three times per week, 5.0 mL of Ringer\'s lactate with 0.1 mL of a vitamin formulation subcutaneously three times per week, and oral administration of 0.1 mL of an iron formulation five times per week. We also describe how to administer the solution intravenously via the saphenous vein with a tip of restraining the animal, as well as the detailed methods for oral and subcutaneous administration. The modified methods have comparable efficiency to the original WMS treatment method.

Background: Adolescent motherhood and malnutrition among children are significant challenges in Africa, but there is limited data on the impact of adolescent motherhood on their children\'s health and nutrition. This study assessed infant feeding practices, prevalence of adolescent motherhood, and malnutrition among infants in Mangu local government area (LGA). Methodology: A cross-sectional survey using multistage sampling was conducted. Validated questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic data, and appropriate tools were used for anthropometric measurements. Data were compared with established standards. Descriptive statistical tools, chi square, Pearson correlation, and independent sample t-test were used for data analysis, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 200 mothers completed the study. The majority of the infants (78.5%) were less than 6 months old, and 21.5% were 6-12 months old. Breastfeeding initiation within 1 hour was reported by 39% of mothers, while 38% practiced prelacteal feeding. Only 28.5% practiced exclusive breastfeeding, and all mothers breastfed their babies. The prevalence of adolescent motherhood was 37.5%. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among infants were 29.5%, 12%, and 8.5%, respectively. Children of adolescent mothers had higher rates of severe stunting compared to children of mothers above 19 years of age. There were significant differences (p = 0.017 and p = 0.029) in stunting rates and weight-for-age indices between children of adolescent mothers and mothers above 19 years of age. Conclusion: Adolescent motherhood contributes to chronic malnutrition in children, and there is a high prevalence of malnutrition among infants in Mangu LGA, Plateau State.

UNASSIGNED: child malnutrition is one of the most serious and least addressed health problems in the world and in Ethiopia. The prevalence of malnutrition, underweight, and wasting was 44%, 29%, and 10% respectively. The Amhara region has the highest rates of malnutrition at 52%, 33.4%, and 9.9% for children under five. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among children under five living in the slum areas of Bahir Dar City.
UNASSIGNED: a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 680 children aged 6-59 months in slum areas of Bahir Dar Town. Study participants were selected using a mass sampling technique and data were collected from April to June 2018 using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Finally, the collected data were coded, entered, cleaned, recorded, and stored, and the data were processed using EPI INFO and exported to the SPSS version 25.0 statistical package. Logistic regression analysis and interpretation were performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis.
UNASSIGNED: a total of 680 children participated. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 46.2% (95% CI; 42.5-49.1), 24.3% (95% CI; 21.2-27.6), and 11.3% (95% CI; CI; 9.2-13.9). Income groups included children [AOR=3.476 (95% CI, 1.959-6.167)], male children [AOR=2.586 (95% CI; 1.532-4.365)] and mother\'s educational level [(AOR=2.600) (1.623) - 4.164)] were significantly associated with malnutrition.
UNASSIGNED: the results of this study showed that the prevalence of malnutrition due to stunting and wasting was high among children under five years of age. The gender of the child, the educational level of the mother, and the monthly income of the family were found to be significantly related to malnutrition. Promoting the use of family planning, preventing diarrheal diseases, and vaccinating children through nutrition education programs are important activities to improve the nutritional status of children.

Despite a remarkable reduction in global poverty and famines, substantial childhood malnutrition continues to persist. In 2017, over 50 million and 150 million young children suffered from acute malnutrition (wasting) and chronic malnutrition (stunting), respectively. Yet, the measurable impact of determinants is obscure. We evaluate proposed socio-environmental related determinants of stunting and wasting across Kenya and Nigeria and quantify their effectiveness. We combine health and demographic data from Kenya and Nigeria Demographic Health Surveys (2003, 2008-2009, 2013, 2014) with spatially explicit precipitation, temperature, and vegetation data. Geospatial and disaggregated data help to understand better who is at risk and where to target mitigation efforts. We evaluate the responsiveness of malnutrition indicators using a four-level random intercept hierarchical generalized logit model. We find that spatial and hierarchical relationships explain 28% to 36% of malnutrition outcome variation. Temporal variation in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation corresponds with more than a 50% change in malnutrition rates. Wasting is most impacted by mother\'s education, family wealth, clinical delivery, and vaccinations. Stunting is most impacted by family wealth, mother\'s education, clinical delivery, vaccinations, and children asymptomatic of fever, cough, or diarrhea. Remotely monitored climatic variables are powerful determinants, however, their effects are inconsistent across different indicators and locations.

Cancer cachexia, often referred to as \"wasting syndrome,\" is characterized by fatigue, weakness, and involuntary weight loss. This syndrome is concomitant with progressive skeletal muscle atrophy with or without adipose tissue loss and is frequently accompanied by systemic inflammation. Understanding the complexities of cancer cachexia is crucial for early detection and intervention, and it is also paramount for enhancing patient outcomes. Medical imaging, comprising diverse imaging modalities, plays a pivotal role in this context, facilitating the diagnosis and surveillance assessment of both the disease extent and the body composition changes that offer valuable information and insights into disease progression. This article provides a comprehensive discourse of the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations of cancer cachexia as well as the role of medical imaging in this setting. Particular emphasis is placed on contemporary multidisciplinary and translational research efforts for the development of diagnostic and treatment tools, aiming to mitigate the devastating consequences of cancer cachexia.
UNASSIGNED: Tumorkachexie wird häufig als „Auszehrungssyndrom“ bezeichnet und ist charakterisiert durch Fatigue, Schwäche und ungewollte Gewichtsabnahme. Dieses Syndrom tritt begleitend bei progressiver Skelettmuskelatrophie mit oder ohne Fettgewebsverlust auf und geht oft mit systemischer Entzündungsreaktion einher. Das Verständnis der Komplexität der Tumorkachexie ist entscheidend für die rechtzeitige Erkennung und Behandlung und von zentraler Bedeutung für die Verbesserung der Patientenergebnisse. In diesem Zusammenhang spielt die medizinische Bildgebung mittels diverser Bildgebungsmodalitäten eine ausschlaggebende Rolle. Sie erleichtert die Diagnosestellung und die Kontrolluntersuchungen sowohl des Krankheitsausmaßes als auch der Veränderung der Körperzusammensetzung, die wertvolle Informationen und Einsichten in den Krankheitsprogress ermöglichen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine umfassende Erörterung der pathophysiologischen Mechanismen und klinischen Manifestationen der Tumorkachexie sowie der Bedeutung der medizinischen Bildgebung in diesem Rahmen gegeben. Besonderer Wert wird auf die aktuellen multidisziplinären und translationalen wissenschaftlichen Bestrebungen für die Entwicklung diagnostischer und therapeutischer Instrumente gelegt, die darauf abzielen, die verheerenden Folgen der Tumorkachexie abzumildern.

BACKGROUND: Street children are poverty-stricken and have insufficient money to meet their daily nutritional requirements. They do not have a proper place to sleep and defecate. They sleep at traffic signals, in religious places, and on footpaths. This exposes them to pollution, dirt, and other pathogens.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure the nutritional status of street children in Delhi using Z-scores and Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF).
METHODS: Anthropometric measurements are direct methods of measuring the nutritional status of humans. Anthropometric indicators such as underweight (weight-for-age), stunting (height-for-age) and BMI/wasting (weight-for-height) are used to measure the nutritional status of street children. Z-scores and CIAF are calculated for street children based on the WHO 2009 reference.
RESULTS: According to Z-scores, stunting (56%) is the most common anthropometric failure among street children followed by underweight (31%) and wasting (19%). According to the CIAF, 63% of street children are malnourished, where stunting (37%) is the highest single burden of anthropometric failure, followed by wasting (3%) and underweight (1%); children suffering from the double burden of anthropometric failure are 9%, and children suffering from the triple burden of anthropometric failure (i.e., wasting, stunting, and underweight) are 13%.
CONCLUSIONS: A high incidence of stunting points to poor quality of food and suggests prolonged nutrition deficiency among street children. The Z-score or conventional measures of anthropometry underestimate the total burden of malnutrition among street children, while CIAF provides an estimation of children with single-burden, double-burden, and triple-burden malnutrition or total burden of malnutrition.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency and/or insufficiency (hypovitaminosis D) has been associated with several disorders including autoimmune diseases, like type 1 diabetes mellitus; cardiovascular diseases; neoplasms; obesity; insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This problem is common in southern European countries, especially in elderly and institutionalized persons. In HIV-infected individuals, hypovitaminosis D has been correlated with various complications like tuberculosis, hyperparathyroidism, bone mass loss, premature atherosclerosis, and systemic arterial hypertension, deterioration of immune function, progression of the disease and overall mortality.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and causes of hypovitaminosis D in a cohort of Greek HIV-infected patients, the factors, and possible complications associated with it.
METHODS: All patients attending our HIV unit for a period of 5 months were included in this study. Vitamin D status, medical anamnes, and laboratory tests were obtained at baseline; patients were followed for 3 years and HIV-related complications were noted. No patient received vitamin D supplementation during the follow-up period.
RESULTS: Hypovitaminosis D was common, with 83.7% of the patients showing levels below 30ng/dl and 55.4% below 20ng/dl. After multivariable analysis, age and duration of treatment were the only significant factors for low vitamin D levels. During follow-up, 26 patients exhibited a total of 34 HIV-related complications, the most common being pneumonocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP). Hypovitaminosis D showed a positive correlation with overall complications, PCP as well as wasting syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our study shows that hypovitaminosis D is common in HIV-infected individuals and should probably be treated as soon as possible to protect these patients from serious HIVrelated complications like PCP or wasting syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The burden of wasting among under five children in India, has not reduced in the last decade.
OBJECTIVE: We used child-level data from the latest nationally representative Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS) to estimate the prevalence of wasting at the national and state level in India.
METHODS: We explored the association of wasting with maternal, child and household factors using multivariable logistic regression for the age group of 0-5, 6-23 and 24-59 months.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence of wasting was 17.3%, ranging from 5.8% to 29.1% across states, 23.3% in children 0-5 months, 19.6 % in children 6-23 months and 15.4 % in children 24-59 months of age. Higher birthweight i.e., every 100g increase (0-5 months aOR = 0.96, 6-23 months aOR = 0.94, 24-59 months aOR = 0.96), higher maternal BMI (0-5 months aOR = 0.51, 6-23 months aOR = 0.62, 24-59 months aOR = 0.67), increasing child age in months (0-5 months aOR = 0.84) and female sex of the child (24-59 months aOR = 0.82) was found to have significantly lower odds of wasting. The odds of wasting were significantly higher for poorest wealth quintile (0-5 months aOR = 1.99, 6-23 months aOR = 2.13), maternal unemployment (0-5 months aOR = 2.25), and lower levels of maternal education (6-23 months aOR = 1.74).
CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses showed that burden of wasting continues to remain high in India. Preventive interventions must target reduction of low birthweight. Early identification and management of wasting should be done, especially during the first six months of life who are not part of current therapeutic feeding programme.

The current study aimed to find the risk factors of wasting in flood-affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data was collected. Children living in large family are 2.59 times more likely to be wasted (AOR = 2.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 6.10; p value = .029) and children living in medium size family are 2.23 times more likely to be wasted (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.03, 4.80; p value = .04) as compared to children in small family size. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to address the identified risk factors and mitigate the impact of flooding on child nutrition.