Fubai chrysanthemum is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, which can be used as a common food, and is commonly used to improve and relieve visual fatigue. However, its pharmacodynamic material basis and action mechanisms in relieving visual fatigue have not been systematically studied. In this article, 11 absorbed ingredients from Fubai chrysanthemum were detected in rat plasma. Then, the target network pharmacology and KEGG pathway analysis were performed. It was found that Fubai chrysanthemum could inhibit various apoptotic cells and reduce oxidative damage of eyes by regulating the apoptosis pathway, thus alleviating visual fatigue. Further in vitro experiments showed that Fubai chrysanthemum could effectively protect against oxidation damage of adult retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5), and lens. The results of cell experiments showed that Fubai chrysanthemum could increase the cell activity, GSH content, and SOD content of ARPE-19 and RGC-5 after oxidative injury, while decreasing the IL-18 content. Similarly, in the study of lens transparency, we found that Fubai chrysanthemum could effectively alleviate the oxidative damage degree of the lens, and significantly increase the content of CAT, GSH, and SOD. The above results suggested that Fubai chrysanthemum could play an important role in alleviating visual fatigue through regulating cell apoptosis and antioxidative damage.

With the popularization of electronic products, visual fatigue is inevitably frequent. The causes of visual fatigue are varied, but from the perspective of physiological mechanisms, it is mainly closely related to retinal function or structural damage, especially the light source from various mobile devices and office equipments nowadays, which induces oxidative stress damage in the retina and exacerbates the degree of visual fatigue, resulting in the inability to use the eyes for a long period of time, pain in the eyes and periorbital area, blurred vision, dry eyes, tearing, and other discomforts. Food ingredients derived from natural plants have greater application in relieving visual fatigue. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed compilation of six plants that are widely used for their visual fatigue-relieving function, in the hope of providing more raw material choices for the development of products with visual fatigue-relieving functions in the future.

UNASSIGNED: This study aims to explore the effects of eye exercises on the accommodative ability of Chinese school-aged children.
UNASSIGNED: This study used a convenience cluster sampling and selected 149 students from grades 2-5 in a Wenzhou primary school to participate in the intervention in June 2022. This study involved a one-month intervention teaching eye exercises using a composite feedback model. Assessments were made at 3 and 9 months post-intervention. Data collection occurred thrice, including a baseline and two follow-ups, measuring monocular and binocular accommodative facility, monocular and binocular accommodative amplitude, CISS scale, spherical equivalent refraction, and uncorrected visual acuity. Analysis used chi-square tests and generalized estimating equations to evaluate the exercises\' effectiveness, with a significance threshold of P < 0.05.
UNASSIGNED: 134 students completed the follow-up, including 61 females (45.52%). After teaching intervention, students showed significant improvements in the accuracy of manipulation, rhythm, acupoint location, strength effectiveness and rhythm of acupressure eye exercises (all P < 0.05), with increases of 10.37%, 13.03%, 16.96%, and 25.17%, respectively. Follow-up assessments revealed both monocular and binocular accommodative amplitude at T3 were significantly higher than at T1 and T2. Moreover, the binocular accommodative amplitude in the high-quality eye exercise group remained significantly higher than that in the low-quality group even(B=1.39,1.46, P < 0.01). Eye exercises could improve monocular and binocular accommodative amplitude in the short term(P < 0.05). High-quality eye exercises could alleviate visual fatigue (B=-2.00--3.49, both P < 0.05). However, eye exercises did not demonstrate any advantages in affecting spherical equivalent refraction or uncorrected visual acuity (P > 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Eye exercises can alleviate myopia-related symptoms in Chinese children aged 7 to 11 years. However, this study did not find that eye exercises effectively reduce the degree of myopia in children.
UNASSIGNED: The original trial (Registration site: https://www.chictr.org.cn/ Registration number: ChiCTR2300070903) was retrospectively registered on 26/04/2023.

Efficient communication and regulation are crucial for advancing brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), with the steady-state visual-evoked potential (SSVEP) paradigm demonstrating high accuracy and information transfer rates. However, the conventional SSVEP paradigm encounters challenges related to visual occlusion and fatigue. In this study, we propose an improved SSVEP paradigm that addresses these issues by lowering the contrast of visual stimulation. The improved paradigms outperform the traditional paradigm in the experiments, significantly reducing the visual stimulation of the SSVEP paradigm. Furthermore, we apply this enhanced paradigm to a BCI navigation system, enabling two-dimensional navigation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) through a first-person perspective. Experimental results indicate the enhanced SSVEP-based BCI system\'s accuracy in performing navigation and search tasks. Our findings highlight the feasibility of the enhanced SSVEP paradigm in mitigating visual occlusion and fatigue issues, presenting a more intuitive and natural approach for BCIs to control external equipment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this article, we proposed an improved steady-state visual-evoked potential (SSVEP) paradigm and constructed an SSVEP-based brain-computer interface (BCI) system to navigate the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in two-dimensional (2-D) physical space. We proposed a modified method for evaluating visual fatigue including subjective score and objective indices. The results indicated that the improved SSVEP paradigm could effectively reduce visual fatigue while maintaining high accuracy.

UNASSIGNED: The American Optometric Association defines computer vision syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain, as \"a group of eye- and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use\". We aimed to create a well-structured, valid, and reliable questionnaire to determine the prevalence of CVS, and to analyze the visual, ocular surface, and extraocular sequelae of CVS using a novel and smart self-assessment questionnaire.
UNASSIGNED: This multicenter, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based, online study included 6853 complete online responses of medical students from 15 universities. All participants responded to the updated, online, fourth version of the CVS questionnaire (CVS-F4), which has high validity and reliability. CVS was diagnosed according to five basic diagnostic criteria (5DC) derived from the CVS-F4. Respondents who fulfilled the 5DC were considered CVS cases. The 5DC were then converted into a novel five-question self-assessment questionnaire designated as the CVS-Smart.
UNASSIGNED: Of 10 000 invited medical students, 8006 responded to the CVS-F4 survey (80% response rate), while 6853 of the 8006 respondents provided complete online responses (85.6% completion rate). The overall CVS prevalence was 58.78% (n = 4028) among the study respondents; CVS prevalence was higher among women (65.87%) than among men (48.06%). Within the CVS group, the most common visual, ocular surface, and extraocular complaints were eye strain, dry eye, and neck/shoulder/back pain in 74.50% (n = 3001), 58.27% (n = 2347), and 80.52% (n = 3244) of CVS cases, respectively. Notably, 75.92% (3058/4028) of CVS cases were involved in the Mandated Computer System Use Program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the two most statistically significant diagnostic criteria of the 5DC were ≥2 symptoms/attacks per month over the last 12 months (odds ratio [OR] = 204177.2; P <0.0001) and symptoms/attacks associated with screen use (OR = 16047.34; P <0.0001). The CVS-Smart demonstrated a Cronbach\'s alpha reliability coefficient of 0.860, Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.805, with perfect content and construct validity. A CVS-Smart score of 7-10 points indicated the presence of CVS.
UNASSIGNED: The visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for CVS constituted the basic components of CVS-Smart. CVS-Smart is a novel, valid, reliable, subjective instrument for determining CVS diagnosis and prevalence and may provide a tool for rapid periodic assessment and prognostication. Individuals with positive CVS-Smart results should consider modifying their lifestyles and screen styles and seeking the help of ophthalmologists and/or optometrists. Higher institutional authorities should consider revising the Mandated Computer System Use Program to avoid the long-term consequences of CVS among university students. Further research must compare CVS-Smart with other available metrics for CVS, such as the CVS questionnaire, to determine its test-retest reliability and to justify its widespread use.

Font size is highly related to the legibility and visual fatigue in OST-HMDs, but the effects of font size on these factors remain further explored. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a wider range of Chinese character font size (0.32°-1°) on legibility and visual fatigue, as well as to determine the optimal font size. Results showed that 0.32° had the worst legibility, but there was no continuous improvement as font size increased. A larger font size was found to be beneficial in reducing visual fatigue until it reached 0.95°, beyond which visual fatigue would relatively increase. Font size smaller than 0.32° should be rejected while a larger font size does not always provide more benefits. Considering legibility, visual fatigue and efficiency of text presentation, 0.84° is a relatively optimal Chinese character font size.
The emergence of Metaverse concept has driven significant advancements in OST-HMDs, while optimising the font size has become a fundamental concern in ensuring legibility and display effectiveness. Considering legibility and subjective visual fatigue, we conducted an experiment which demonstrated a moderate font size (0.84°) for Chinese characters is relatively optimal.

This study investigates the effects of ambient illumination and negatively polarized text color on visual fatigue, exploring the issue of visual fatigue when using visual display terminals in low-illumination environments. The research methodology utilizes an experimental design to collect data on changes in pupil accommodation and blink rate through an eye tracker. Participants completed a reading task while exposed to various text colors and ambient light conditions to evaluate visual fatigue and cognitive performance. The study\'s findings suggest that text color significantly affects visual fatigue, with red text causing the highest level of visual fatigue and yellow text causing the lowest level of visual fatigue. Improvements in ambient lighting reduce visual fatigue, but the degree of improvement varies depending on the text color. Additionally, cognitive performance is better when using yellow and white text but worse when using red text. Yellow text is the most effective choice for reducing visual fatigue under negative polarity. Increasing ambient lighting can also improve visual fatigue in low-illumination conditions. These findings will offer valuable guidance for designing visual terminal device interfaces, especially for low-illumination or night environments, to minimize visual fatigue and improve user experience.

UNASSIGNED: Aniseikonia is a binocular vision disorder that has been associated with asthenopic symptoms. However, asthenopia has been evaluated with subjective tests that make difficult to determine the level of aniseikonia. This study aims to objectively evaluate the impact of induced aniseikonia at different levels on visual fatigue by measuring the orbicularis oculi muscle activity in the dominant and non-dominant eyes while performing a reading task.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty-four collegiate students (24.00 ± 3.86 years) participated in this study. Participants read a passage for 7 minutes under four degrees of aniseikonia (0%, 3%, 5% and 10%) at 50 cm. Orbicularis oculi muscle activity of the dominant and non-dominant eye was recorded by surface electromyography. In addition, visual discomfort was assessed after each task by completing a questionnaire.
UNASSIGNED: Orbicularis oculi muscle activity increased under induced aniseikonia (i.e., greater values for the 10% condition in comparison to 0%, and 3% conditions (p = 0.034 and p = 0.023, respectively)). No statistically significant differences were observed in orbicularis oculi muscle activity for the time on task and between the dominant and non-dominant eyes. Additionally, higher levels of subjective visual discomfort were observed for lower degrees of induced aniseikonia.
UNASSIGNED: Induced aniseikonia increases visual fatigue at high aniseikonia degrees as measured by the orbicularis oculi muscle activity, and at low degrees as measured with subjective questionnaires. These findings may be of relevance to better understand the visual symptomatology of aniseikonia.

OBJECTIVE: Asthenopia is related to near vision activities or visual tasks that dissociate accommodation from vergence. Since the results of previous studies using objective measures to diagnose asthenopia are inconsistent, this study compared optometric tests and objective metrics of accommodation in non-asthenopic and asthenopic young adults before and after a visual fatigue task.
METHODS: The accommodative response was recorded objectively for 6 min at a 3.33 D accommodative demand using an autorefractor, before and after a 5-min non-congruent visual task. Accommodation was disassociated from vergence with a ±2.00 D accommodative flipper while reading at the same distance. Optometric tests and subjective evaluations of asthenopia were performed before and after the task. Twenty-six non-presbyopic adults (23.15 ± 2.56 years) were included and identified as asthenopic (n = 14) or non-asthenopic (n = 12) based on their score on the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire.
RESULTS: A mixed ANOVA found no significant difference between the groups for objective (accommodative response) or subjective metrics (feeling of fatigue, optometric tests), although all participants reported greater visual fatigue after the task. A significant effect of time (before and after the non-congruent task) was identified for the overall sample for mean accommodative lag (+0.10 D, p = 0.01), subjective visual fatigue (+1.18, p < 0.01), negative relative accommodation (-0.20 D, p = 0.02) and near negative fusional reserve (blur: +2.46Δ, p < 0.01; break: +1.89Δ, p < 0.01; recovery: +3.34Δ, p = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS: The task-induced asthenopia, measured both objectively and subjectively, was accompanied by a change in accommodative lag, greater visual fatigue and a decrease in negative relative accommodation. Conversely, near negative fusional reserves seem to adapt to the task. No significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to accommodative metrics (objective) or subjective and optometric tests.

The purpose of this paper is to establish an easy-to-use questionnaire for subjective evaluations of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) and visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic 3D (s3D) images. We reviewed previously used questionnaires and extracted 51 important subjective evaluation items from them. We then recruited 251 participants to observe 3D images designed to easily induce sickness or visual fatigue, and we asked them to respond to the 51 items. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, four factors were extracted according to their factor loadings, and the number of items was reduced to 21. Further processing by confirmatory factor analysis led to the selection of 15 items. Comparing mean ratings for each factor before and after item reduction indicated that item reduction did not significantly affect the participant responses. Therefore, the 15-item Visually Induced Symptoms Questionnaire (VISQ), can be used to evaluate VIMS and s3D visual fatigue.