PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: The American Optometric Association defines computer vision syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain, as \"a group of eye- and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use\". We aimed to create a well-structured, valid, and reliable questionnaire to determine the prevalence of CVS, and to analyze the visual, ocular surface, and extraocular sequelae of CVS using a novel and smart self-assessment questionnaire.
UNASSIGNED: This multicenter, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based, online study included 6853 complete online responses of medical students from 15 universities. All participants responded to the updated, online, fourth version of the CVS questionnaire (CVS-F4), which has high validity and reliability. CVS was diagnosed according to five basic diagnostic criteria (5DC) derived from the CVS-F4. Respondents who fulfilled the 5DC were considered CVS cases. The 5DC were then converted into a novel five-question self-assessment questionnaire designated as the CVS-Smart.
UNASSIGNED: Of 10 000 invited medical students, 8006 responded to the CVS-F4 survey (80% response rate), while 6853 of the 8006 respondents provided complete online responses (85.6% completion rate). The overall CVS prevalence was 58.78% (n = 4028) among the study respondents; CVS prevalence was higher among women (65.87%) than among men (48.06%). Within the CVS group, the most common visual, ocular surface, and extraocular complaints were eye strain, dry eye, and neck/shoulder/back pain in 74.50% (n = 3001), 58.27% (n = 2347), and 80.52% (n = 3244) of CVS cases, respectively. Notably, 75.92% (3058/4028) of CVS cases were involved in the Mandated Computer System Use Program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the two most statistically significant diagnostic criteria of the 5DC were ≥2 symptoms/attacks per month over the last 12 months (odds ratio [OR] = 204177.2; P <0.0001) and symptoms/attacks associated with screen use (OR = 16047.34; P <0.0001). The CVS-Smart demonstrated a Cronbach\'s alpha reliability coefficient of 0.860, Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.805, with perfect content and construct validity. A CVS-Smart score of 7-10 points indicated the presence of CVS.
UNASSIGNED: The visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for CVS constituted the basic components of CVS-Smart. CVS-Smart is a novel, valid, reliable, subjective instrument for determining CVS diagnosis and prevalence and may provide a tool for rapid periodic assessment and prognostication. Individuals with positive CVS-Smart results should consider modifying their lifestyles and screen styles and seeking the help of ophthalmologists and/or optometrists. Higher institutional authorities should consider revising the Mandated Computer System Use Program to avoid the long-term consequences of CVS among university students. Further research must compare CVS-Smart with other available metrics for CVS, such as the CVS questionnaire, to determine its test-retest reliability and to justify its widespread use.
UNASSIGNED: This multicenter, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based, online study included 6853 complete online responses of medical students from 15 universities. All participants responded to the updated, online, fourth version of the CVS questionnaire (CVS-F4), which has high validity and reliability. CVS was diagnosed according to five basic diagnostic criteria (5DC) derived from the CVS-F4. Respondents who fulfilled the 5DC were considered CVS cases. The 5DC were then converted into a novel five-question self-assessment questionnaire designated as the CVS-Smart.
UNASSIGNED: Of 10 000 invited medical students, 8006 responded to the CVS-F4 survey (80% response rate), while 6853 of the 8006 respondents provided complete online responses (85.6% completion rate). The overall CVS prevalence was 58.78% (n = 4028) among the study respondents; CVS prevalence was higher among women (65.87%) than among men (48.06%). Within the CVS group, the most common visual, ocular surface, and extraocular complaints were eye strain, dry eye, and neck/shoulder/back pain in 74.50% (n = 3001), 58.27% (n = 2347), and 80.52% (n = 3244) of CVS cases, respectively. Notably, 75.92% (3058/4028) of CVS cases were involved in the Mandated Computer System Use Program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the two most statistically significant diagnostic criteria of the 5DC were ≥2 symptoms/attacks per month over the last 12 months (odds ratio [OR] = 204177.2; P <0.0001) and symptoms/attacks associated with screen use (OR = 16047.34; P <0.0001). The CVS-Smart demonstrated a Cronbach\'s alpha reliability coefficient of 0.860, Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.805, with perfect content and construct validity. A CVS-Smart score of 7-10 points indicated the presence of CVS.
UNASSIGNED: The visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for CVS constituted the basic components of CVS-Smart. CVS-Smart is a novel, valid, reliable, subjective instrument for determining CVS diagnosis and prevalence and may provide a tool for rapid periodic assessment and prognostication. Individuals with positive CVS-Smart results should consider modifying their lifestyles and screen styles and seeking the help of ophthalmologists and/or optometrists. Higher institutional authorities should consider revising the Mandated Computer System Use Program to avoid the long-term consequences of CVS among university students. Further research must compare CVS-Smart with other available metrics for CVS, such as the CVS questionnaire, to determine its test-retest reliability and to justify its widespread use.
摘要：
■美国验光协会定义了计算机视觉综合症(CVS)，也被称为数字眼疲劳，作为一组与眼睛和视觉相关的问题，这些问题是由于长时间的计算机导致的，平板电脑,电子阅读器和手机使用\“。我们的目标是创建一个结构良好的，有效,和可靠的问卷来确定CVS的患病率，并分析视觉，眼表,使用新颖而聪明的自我评估问卷进行CVS和眼外后遗症。
■这个多中心，观察,横截面,描述性,描述性基于调查的，在线研究包括来自15所大学的6853名医学生的完整在线回答。所有参与者都对更新做出了回应，在线,CVS问卷的第四版(CVS-F4)，具有较高的效度和可靠性。根据源自CVS-F4的五个基本诊断标准(5DC)诊断CVS。符合5DC的受访者被认为是CVS病例。然后将5DC转换为新颖的五个问题的自我评估问卷，称为CVS-Smart。
■在10000名被邀请的医学生中，8006对CVS-F4调查做出了回应(80%的回应率)，8006名受访者中有6853人提供了完整的在线回复（完成率为85.6％）。研究受访者的CVS总体患病率为58.78％（n=4028）；女性（65.87％）的CVS患病率高于男性（48.06％）。在CVS组中，最常见的视觉，眼表,眼外症状是眼睛疲劳，干眼症,和颈/肩/背痛74.50%（n=3001），58.27%（n=2347），和80.52%(n=3244)的CVS病例，分别。值得注意的是,75.92％（3058/4028）的CVS病例参与了强制计算机系统使用计划。多因素logistic回归分析显示，5DC的两个最具统计学意义的诊断标准是过去12个月内每月≥2次症状/发作（比值比[OR]=204177.2;P<0.0001）和与屏幕使用相关的症状/发作（OR=16047.34;P<0.0001）。CVS-Smart证明了Cronbach的α可靠性系数为0.860，Guttman分半系数为0.805，具有完善的内容和构造效度。CVS-Smart评分为7-10分表明存在CVS。
■视觉，眼表,CVS的眼外诊断标准构成了CVS-Smart的基本组成部分。CVS-Smart是一部小说,有效,可靠,用于确定CVS诊断和患病率的主观工具，可能为快速定期评估和预测提供工具。具有积极CVS-Smart结果的个人应考虑改变他们的生活方式和屏幕风格，并寻求眼科医生和/或验光师的帮助。较高的机构当局应考虑修订《授权计算机系统使用计划》，以避免CVS在大学生中的长期后果。进一步的研究必须将CVS-Smart与CVS的其他可用指标进行比较，比如CVS问卷，确定其测试-重测可靠性，并证明其广泛使用的合理性。
■这个多中心，观察,横截面,描述性,描述性基于调查的，在线研究包括来自15所大学的6853名医学生的完整在线回答。所有参与者都对更新做出了回应，在线,CVS问卷的第四版(CVS-F4)，具有较高的效度和可靠性。根据源自CVS-F4的五个基本诊断标准(5DC)诊断CVS。符合5DC的受访者被认为是CVS病例。然后将5DC转换为新颖的五个问题的自我评估问卷，称为CVS-Smart。
■在10000名被邀请的医学生中，8006对CVS-F4调查做出了回应(80%的回应率)，8006名受访者中有6853人提供了完整的在线回复（完成率为85.6％）。研究受访者的CVS总体患病率为58.78％（n=4028）；女性（65.87％）的CVS患病率高于男性（48.06％）。在CVS组中，最常见的视觉，眼表,眼外症状是眼睛疲劳，干眼症,和颈/肩/背痛74.50%（n=3001），58.27%（n=2347），和80.52%(n=3244)的CVS病例，分别。值得注意的是,75.92％（3058/4028）的CVS病例参与了强制计算机系统使用计划。多因素logistic回归分析显示，5DC的两个最具统计学意义的诊断标准是过去12个月内每月≥2次症状/发作（比值比[OR]=204177.2;P<0.0001）和与屏幕使用相关的症状/发作（OR=16047.34;P<0.0001）。CVS-Smart证明了Cronbach的α可靠性系数为0.860，Guttman分半系数为0.805，具有完善的内容和构造效度。CVS-Smart评分为7-10分表明存在CVS。
■视觉，眼表,CVS的眼外诊断标准构成了CVS-Smart的基本组成部分。CVS-Smart是一部小说,有效,可靠,用于确定CVS诊断和患病率的主观工具，可能为快速定期评估和预测提供工具。具有积极CVS-Smart结果的个人应考虑改变他们的生活方式和屏幕风格，并寻求眼科医生和/或验光师的帮助。较高的机构当局应考虑修订《授权计算机系统使用计划》，以避免CVS在大学生中的长期后果。进一步的研究必须将CVS-Smart与CVS的其他可用指标进行比较，比如CVS问卷，确定其测试-重测可靠性，并证明其广泛使用的合理性。
