背景:媒介传播的病原体(VBP)是对人类的主要威胁,全世界的牲畜和伴侣动物。气候的综合影响,社会经济和宿主组成的变化有利于媒介的传播,以及侵入性食肉动物的扩张导致病原体的传播。在欧洲,食肉动物中最广泛的入侵物种是浣熊(Procyonlotor)和浣熊犬(Nyctereutesprocyonoides)。本研究集中于检测四个主要的VBP组,即Babesia,肝虫,捷克共和国的侵袭性和本地食肉动物中的吞噬菌体和巴尔通体,强调侵袭性食肉动物在所述VBP的生态流行病学中的作用。
方法:八种84种食肉动物的脾脏样本(金黄色葡萄球菌,犬狼疮,山猫山猫,P.lotor,Martesfoina,卢特拉·卢特拉,Mustelaerminea和N.procyonoides)通过联合巢式PCR和测序筛选了上述VBPs,这些VBPs靶向原生动物中的18SrRNA和cytB,吞噬体中的groEL,并在巴尔通菌属中使用多位点基因分型。物种确定得到了通过最大似然方法推断的系统发育分析的支持。
结果:在84个样本中,44%的人对至少一种病原体检测呈阳性。在P.lotor中检测到五种不同的VBP,即犬巴尔通体,肝虫犬,肝动物马蒂斯,A.吞噬细胞和巴尔通体。与巴顿菌有关。所有C.狼疮的犬H.canis和B.canis均呈阳性。三个VBP(肝虫,首次在Lynx中检测到吞噬细胞和Bartonellataylorii)。巴贝虫和尚未描述的巴贝虫物种,以前在欧洲没有发现,被发现在N.procyonoides中。
结论:捷克共和国的野生食肉动物是几种具有潜在兽医和公共卫生风险的VBP的宿主。在研究的食肉动物物种中,侵入性浣熊是最有能力的宿主。浣熊是我们研究中唯一检测到所有主要病原体的物种。以前在北美的这些食肉动物中没有检测到任何被检测到的病原体物种,这表明浣熊适应当地的VBP,而不是引入新的VBP。巴贝虫和一个新的,可能是进口的巴贝虫,是在浣熊狗身上发现的.
BACKGROUND: Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) are a major threat to humans, livestock and companion animals worldwide. The combined effect of climatic, socioeconomic and host composition changes favours the spread of the vectors, together with the expansion of invasive carnivores contributing to the spread of the pathogens. In Europe, the most widespread invasive species of carnivores are raccoons (Procyon lotor) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). This study focused on the detection of four major groups of VBPs namely Babesia, Hepatozoon, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Bartonella in invasive and native carnivores in the Czech Republic, with the emphasis on the role of invasive carnivores in the eco-epidemiology of said VBPs.
METHODS: Spleen samples of 84 carnivores of eight species (Canis aureus, Canis lupus, Lynx lynx, P. lotor, Martes foina, Lutra lutra, Mustela erminea and N. procyonoides) were screened by combined nested PCR and sequencing for the above-mentioned VBPs targeting 18S rRNA and cytB in hemoprotozoa, groEL in A. phagocytophilum, and using multilocus genotyping in Bartonella spp. The species determination is supported by phylogenetic analysis inferred by the maximum likelihood method.
RESULTS: Out of 84 samples, 44% tested positive for at least one pathogen. Five different species of VBPs were detected in P. lotor, namely Bartonella canis, Hepatozoon canis, Hepatozoon martis, A. phagocytophilum and Bartonella sp. related to Bartonella washoensis. All C. lupus tested positive for H. canis and one for B. canis. Three VBPs (Hepatozoon silvestris, A. phagocytophilum and Bartonella taylorii) were detected in L. lynx for the first time. Babesia vulpes and yet undescribed species of Babesia, not previously detected in Europe, were found in N. procyonoides.
CONCLUSIONS: Wild carnivores in the Czech Republic are hosts of several VBPs with potential veterinary and public health risks. Among the studied carnivore species, the invasive raccoon is the most competent host. Raccoons are the only species in our study where all the major groups of studied pathogens were detected. None of the detected pathogen species were previously detected in these carnivores in North America, suggesting that raccoons adapted to local VBPs rather than introduced new ones. Babesia vulpes and one new, probably imported species of Babesia, were found in raccoon dogs.