心血管疾病(CVDs)已成为人类健康的主要威胁,超过肿瘤性疾病的发病率和死亡率。细胞外囊泡(EV)是细胞间通讯和物质交换的重要介质。内皮祖细胞(EPCs),被认为是血管内皮细胞(EC)的前体,近年来,由于其衍生的细胞外囊泡(EPC-EV)在CVD的背景下具有潜在的治疗价值,因此引起了广泛的关注。这篇全面的综述系统地探讨了起源,特点,和EPC的功能,除了分类之外,属性,生物发生,和电动汽车的提取技术,特别强调它们在CVD中的保护作用。此外,我们深入研究EPC-EV的基本生物活性成分,包括microRNA,长链非编码RNA,和蛋白质,分析它们在促进血管生成方面的有益作用,抗炎和抗氧化活性,抗纤维化,抗凋亡,和心肌再生。此外,这篇综述全面调查了EPC-EV在各种CVD中的治疗潜力,包括急性心肌梗塞,心肌缺血再灌注损伤,动脉粥样硬化,非缺血性心肌病,和糖尿病心血管疾病。最后,我们总结了与EPC-EV临床应用相关的潜在挑战,并概述了未来的方向,旨在为EPC-EV在CVD管理中的理论见解和实际应用提供有价值的资源。
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as a predominant threat to human health, surpassing the incidence and mortality rates of neoplastic diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as vital mediators in intercellular communication and material exchange. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), recognized as precursors of vascular endothelial cells (ECs), have garnered considerable attention in recent years due to the potential therapeutic value of their derived extracellular vesicles (EPC-EVs) in the context of CVDs. This comprehensive review systematically explores the origins, characteristics, and functions of EPCs, alongside the classification, properties, biogenesis, and extraction techniques of EVs, with particular emphasis on their protective roles in CVDs. Additionally, we delve into the essential bioactive components of EPC-EVs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and proteins, analyzing their beneficial effects in promoting angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, anti-fibrosis, anti-apoptosis, and myocardial regeneration. Furthermore, this review comprehensively investigates the therapeutic potential of EPC-EVs across various CVDs, encompassing acute myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic cardiovascular disease. Lastly, we summarize the potential challenges associated with the clinical application of EPC-EVs and outline future directions, aiming to offer a valuable resource for both theoretical insights and practical applications of EPC-EVs in managing CVDs.