BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the forms of systemic racism experienced by Latinx communities in North Carolina during the COVID-19 pandemic as identified by Latinx community health workers (CHWs) and community-based organization (CBO) leaders.
METHODS: We held three focus groups in July 2022 (N = 16) with CHWs and CBO leaders in Spanish to discuss policy and community interventions that improved access to resources during the COVID-19 pandemic; policy or community interventions needed to improve care of Latinx communities; and lessons learned to improve the health of Latinx communities in the future. We performed directed and summative qualitative content analysis of the data in the original language using the Levels of Racism Framework by Dr. Camara Jones to identify examples of implicitly and explicitly discussed forms of systemic racism.
RESULTS: Latinx CHWs and CBO leaders implicitly discussed numerous examples of all levels of racism when seeking and receiving health services, such as lack of resources for undocumented individuals and negative interactions with non-Latinx individuals, but did not explicitly name racism. Themes related to institutionalized racism included: differential access to resources due to language barriers; uninsured or undocumented status; exclusionary policies not accounting for cultural or socioeconomic differences; lack of action despite need; and difficulties obtaining sustainable funding. Themes related to personally-mediated racism included: lack of cultural awareness or humility; fear-inciting misinformation targeting Latinx populations; and negative interactions with non-Latinx individuals, organizations, or institutions. Themes related to internalized racism included: fear of seeking information or medical care; resignation or hopelessness; and competition among Latinx CBOs. Similarly, CHWs and CBO leaders discussed several interventions with systems-level impact without explicitly mentioning policy or policy change.
CONCLUSIONS: Our research demonstrates community-identified examples of racism and confirms that Latinx populations often do not name racism explicitly. Such language gaps limit the ability of CHWs and CBOs to highlight injustices and limit the ability of communities to advocate for themselves. Although generally COVID-19 focused, themes identified represent long-standing, systemic barriers affecting Latinx communities. It is therefore critical that public and private policymakers consider these language gaps and engage with Latinx communities to develop community-informed anti-racist policies to sustainably reduce forms of racism experienced by this unique population.

It is well established that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on ethnic minority communities and has worsened existing health inequalities experienced by these populations globally. Individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds have not only been more likely to become infected with COVID-19 throughout the pandemic, but they have also higher risk of adverse symptoms and death following infection. Factors responsible for these discrepancies are wide reaching and encompass all aspects of the social determinants of health (SDoH). Although always an area of concern among healthcare professionals, barriers to health care experienced by ethnic minority populations became a more pertinent issue during the COVID-19 pandemic when all individuals required sufficient and sustained access to a healthcare system (whether this be for COVID-19 testing, vaccination or treatment). These healthcare barriers exacerbated the increased COVID-19 burden experienced by minority populations and will continue to detrimentally impact the health of these populations during future COVID-19 waves or indeed, future novel pandemics. This chapter aims to summarise the major healthcare barriers experienced by minority populations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, including COVID-19 prevention, vaccine rollout, care during hospitalisation and post-COVID care for long COVID patients. To end, this chapter will summarise lessons learned and future directions that need to be taken to improve health disparities and healthcare access for minority populations in relation to the COVID pandemic and beyond.

Nursing is renowned for its high ethical standards and is considered one of the most trusted professions globally, yet it has deep historical ties to Eurocentric and white supremacist ideologies. These entrenched ideologies in nursing raise significant concerns regarding equity, diversity, and inclusion within the profession as they shape nursing education, research, and practice. Western nursing institutions are deeply engrained in a system designed to center and uphold whiteness, which frequently serves to safeguard dominant groups in power while detrimentally affecting faculty from underrepresented backgrounds. Consequently, faculty members from underrepresented groups depart academia due to systemic racism and inadequate institutional accountability and support. To decenter whiteness in nursing, we have shared our experiences to underscore how systems of oppression marginalize underrepresented faculty in nursing academia.

OBJECTIVE: Black birthing parents and their newborns disproportionately experience newborn drug testing for prenatal substance exposure by health care professionals (HCPs), which contributes to Child Protective Services (CPS) reporting, family separation, and termination of parental rights. This qualitative study aims to interrogate dominant power structures by exploring knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of HCPs and CPS professionals regarding the influence of structural racism on inequities in newborn drug testing practices.
METHODS: We conducted semistructured interviews with 30 physicians, midwives, nurses, social workers, and CPS professionals guided by an explanatory framework, and conducted inductive, reflexive thematic analysis.
RESULTS: We identified 3 primary themes: (1) levels of racism beyond the hospital structure contributed to higher rates of drug testing for Black newborns; (2) inconsistent hospital policies led to racialized application of state law and downstream CPS reporting; and (3) health care professionals knowledge of the benefits and disproportionate harms of CPS reporting on Black families influenced their decision making.
CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals recognized structural racism as a driver of disproportionate newborn drug testing. Lack of knowledge and skill limitations of HCPs were barriers to dismantling power structures, thus impeding systems-level change. Institutional changes should shift focus from biologic testing and reporting to supporting the mutual needs of birthing parent and child through family-centered substance use treatment. State and federal policy changes are needed to ensure health equity for Black families and eliminate reporting to CPS for prenatal substance exposure when no concern for child abuse and neglect exists.

In 2021, the American Psychological Association offered an apology to people of color for harms, actions, and inactions and accepted responsibility for contributing to systemic inequities. The field of psychology has a complicated and long history of contributing to American racism and the belief in human hierarchy. This article illustrates the strategy the American Psychological Association followed to issue an apology at a scale that incorporated the voices and perspectives of the association\'s senior leaders and racial equity experts. The authors shed light on the organizational changes that were necessary to approve the apology and the changes that followed the apology to create long-term, institutional, and sustainable change and advance racial equity within psychology and society. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The American Psychological Association\'s resolutions on dismantling systemic racism represent a watershed moment in our discipline, yet confusion remains as to what it means to \"dismantle\" racism given psychology\'s emphasis on changing individual beliefs. This submission will review the tension between \"idealist\" interpretations of critical race theory emphasizing individual beliefs and \"realist\" perspectives contextualizing racism within political economic arrangements. Psychology\'s adoption of an \"idealist\" framework will be shown to privilege a neoliberal project emphasizing individual change and symbolic performances of racial justice instead of structural changes benefitting people of color\'s material existence. Drawing on a decolonial critique of racial capitalism, we propose an alternative framework to challenge our discipline to broaden its political imagination by supporting evidence-based policies to dismantle racism as a structural and political force. This includes universal policies to reduce racial and economic inequality and population-specific policies such as reparations for African Americans predicted to stimulate economic growth. Urgently, the decolonial lens challenges psychology to theorize racism not as a primarily individual phenomenon but a political force that divides and conquers while enriching white economic elites. To fulfill the promises of the American Psychological Association\'s resolutions, we must directly challenge the political economic interests that benefit from racism and contribute to the common good as a form of \"loving care.\" (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Recently, there have been several calls for psychologists to dismantle systemic racism within the field (e.g., Buchanan et al., 2021; Dupree & Boykin, 2021; Wilcox et al., 2022). In this article, we discuss why incorporating critical histories into psychology curricula can be beneficial to this effort. We focus on three potential pathways: critical histories provide counterstories that challenge racist narratives, critical histories promote contexts that encourage antiracism practices (antiracist affordances), and critical histories can signal identity safety and belonging. To adequately integrate critical histories into psychology curricula, we make three recommendations. First, create and support a departmental curriculum that engages critical histories in the field of psychology at the undergraduate and graduate level (we offer some example topics and readings). Second, based on our own training experiences, we recommend that psychology graduate programs facilitate opportunities to take interdisciplinary courses that cover the history of race and racism in domestic and/or global contexts. Finally, we recommend funding research and supporting student projects that produce critical histories in psychology to expand the knowledge base of our field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

In October 2021, the American Psychological Association apologized to people of color in the United States for its role in systemic racism. Spurred by a national racial reckoning, Indigenous Peoples have been regularly incorporated into initiatives redressing America\'s legacy of racism. Although Indigenous Peoples have been racialized during the formation of the United States, this process is intertwined with colonization-the systematic dispossession and exploitation of Indigenous communities by Europeans. We first examine how the American Psychological Association (APA) has been complicit in colonialism by failing to oppose government policies that disenfranchise Indigenous communities, which it recently recognized in a separate apology to First Peoples in the United States in February 2023 (American Psychological Association, APA Indigenous Apology Work Group [APA IAWG], 2023). Second, we explore methods for APA to reconcile historical and contemporary wrongs inflicted on Indigenous Peoples through transitional justice, an approach to addressing human rights violations that seeks justice and opportunities for healing (United Nations, 2008). In particular, we consider the implications that Truth and Reconciliation Commissions have for Indigenous Peoples. Third, we provide recommendations for APA to repair relations with Indigenous Peoples in education, research, and practice. We specifically interrogate what possibilities for truth, reconciliation, and healing exist vis-à-vis transitional justice in psychology. We conclude with the potential that APA has to advance meaningful structural reforms while cautioning against superficial efforts towards reconciliation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Health equity tourism (HET) represents yet another example of how structural racism may manifest in our discipline. While not a new phenomenon, HET was coined recently in the context of medicine and is defined as investigators without the requisite experience or commitment to health equity work \"parachuting into the field in response to timely and often temporary increases in public interest and resources\" (Lett et al., 2022, p. 2). To determine how HET manifests in psychological science, we interviewed 18 health equity experts. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results revealed that HET manifests as a passing interest in health equity research, minimal engagement with communities under study or with health equity experts, and a failure to appreciate health equity scholarship as a specialty area of psychological science. Consequences of HET include poor quality research, harm to communities under study, funneling of resources away from health equity experts, frustration with and disengagement from the field and academia (leading to slow career advancements and attrition), and a maintenance of structural racism in psychological science. We provide recommendations for preventing the further manifestation of HET in psychology and for reducing the associated harms. These recommendations include education and training regarding the construct of HET, engagement in reflective practice, and a reconsideration of how research with minoritized populations is approached and evaluated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

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