BACKGROUND: Air pollution poses a significant threat to global public health, contributing to high rates of mortality and morbidity. India, home to the world\'s largest population of children, is particularly affected. This study aims to identify effective strategies to mitigate the adverse health impacts of air pollution on this vulnerable group.
METHODS: The study utilized directed content analysis using a deductive approach and purposeful sampling to carry out in-depth interviews with researchers, academicians, paediatricians, public health experts, and climate change experts from different organizations in India. In total, 17 interviews were conducted over two months in March and April 2024 until data saturation was reached.
RESULTS:  A total of 29 subcategories were extracted. The main sub-categories include strategies for reducing indoor emissions and multisectoral emission reduction, strategies to reduce exposure at home, schools and transit, strategies for public awareness, effective communication, health sector communication and awareness, and raising awareness by frontline workers and educational institutions, strategies for capacity building of health sector and frontline stakeholders, strategies for building research and knowledge translation, strategies for vertical and horizontal collaboration, strategies for child-centric policies, school closure policies, fiscal policies, comprehensive policymaking, sectoral policymaking, advocacy in policymaking, strategies for monitoring, and strategies for mother and child health.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that mitigating the adverse health impacts of pollution for children would entail a multi-pronged approach encompassing effective communication and education strategies and awareness raising of important stakeholders such as health professionals, community, grassroots-level workers, parents, teachers and children. Such strategies could be useful to trigger the desired change in behaviour of all concerned. Also, there is a need for collaboration and partnership between various stakeholders and ministries as policy-making bodies. There is a need to build on the research and strengthen the monitoring and surveillance.

Computational estimation requires a breadth of strategies and selection of the relevant strategy given a problem\'s features. We used the new Test of Estimation Strategies (TES), composed of 20 arithmetic problems (e.g., 144 x 0.38), to investigate variability in strategy use in young adults. The TES targets the five estimation strategies that adults use most frequently, which fall into two Classes. The three Class One strategies are general-purpose and taught in schools. Proceed Algorithmically entails applying an algorithm (e.g., shifting a decimal place). Round One and Round Two are defined as rounding one or both operands, respectively. The two Class Two strategies are more advanced, requiring application of conceptual knowledge of mathematics. Known-and-Nice is used when a participant relies on a well-known mathematical fact (e.g., 25 × 4 = 100) to form an estimate. Fractions uses a fraction or percentage in the estimation process (e.g., 943 x 0.48 is about 50% or half of 900). We divided our sample of adult participants into two groups (i.e., high, average) based on their estimation performance on the TES. The high-performance group used a broader range of strategies and more frequently applied the most relevant strategy given a problem\'s features. Overall estimation accuracy was correlated with mathematical achievement, as were strategy breadth and strategy relevance. However, none of these associations survived first controlling for verbal achievement. Participants\' strategy reports suggested that the TES problems were generally successful in eliciting the five target strategies and provided evidence for a new strategy, Partitioning. These findings provide a basis for future instructional studies to improve students\' computational estimation.

To determine how young children use and execute finger-based strategies, 5- to 8-year-olds were asked to solve simple addition problems under a choice condition (i.e., they could choose finger-based or non-finger strategies on each problem) and under two no-choice conditions (one in which they needed to use finger-based strategies on all problems and one in which they could not use finger-based strategies). Results showed that children (a) used both finger-based and non-finger strategies to solve simple addition problems in all age groups, (b) used fingers less and less often as they grew older, especially while solving smaller problems, (c) calibrated their use of finger-based strategies to both problem features and strategy performance, and (d) improved efficiency of both finger-based and non-finger strategy execution. Moreover, (e) strategy performance was the best predictor of strategy selection in all age groups, and (f) when they had the possibility to use fingers, children of all age groups obtained better performance relative to when they could not use fingers, especially on larger problems.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become a top-priority pathogen in the health sector because it is ubiquitous, has high metabolic/genetic versatility, and is identified as an opportunistic pathogen. The production of numerous virulence factors by P. aeruginosa was reported to act individually or cooperatively to make them robots invasion, adherences, persistence, proliferation, and protection against host immune systems. P. aeruginosa produces various kinds of extracellular proteases such as alkaline protease, protease IV, elastase A, elastase B, large protease A, Pseudomonas small protease, P. aeruginosa aminopeptidase, and MucD. These proteases effectively allow the cells to invade and destroy host cells. Thus, inhibiting these protease activities has been recognized as a promising approach to controlling the infection caused by P. aeruginosa. The present review discussed in detail the characteristics of these proteases and their role in infection to the host system. The second part of the review discussed the recent updates on the multiple strategies for attenuating or inhibiting protease activity. These strategies include the application of natural and synthetic molecules, as well as metallic/polymeric nanomaterials. It has also been reported that a propeptide present in the middle domain of protease IV also attenuates the virulence properties and infection ability of P. aeruginosa.

BACKGROUND: /Aims De-implementation, including the removal or reduction of unnecessary or inappropriate prescribing, is crucial to ensure patients receive appropriate evidence-based health care. The utilization of de-implementation efforts is contingent on the quality of strategy reporting. To further understand effective ways to de-implement medical practices, specification of behavioural targets and components of de-implementation strategies are required. This paper aims to critically analyse how well the behavioural targets and strategy components, in studies that focused on de-implementing unnecessary or inappropriate prescribing in secondary healthcare settings, were reported.
METHODS: A supplementary analysis of studies included in a recently published review of de-implementation studies was conducted. Article text was coded verbatim to two established specification frameworks. Behavioural components were coded deductively to the five elements of the Action, Actor, Context, Target, Time (AACTT) framework. Strategy components were mapped to the nine elements of the Proctor\'s \'measuring implementation strategies\' framework.
RESULTS: The behavioural components of low-value prescribing, as coded to the AACTT framework, were generally specified well. However, the Actor and Time components were often vague or not well reported. Specification of strategy components, as coded to the Proctor framework, were less well reported. Proctor\'s Actor, Action target: specifying targets, Dose and Justification elements were not well reported or varied in the amount of detail offered. We also offer suggestions of additional specifications to make, such as the \'interactions\' participants have with a strategy.
CONCLUSIONS: Specification of behavioural targets and components of de-implementation strategies for prescribing practices can be accommodated by the AACTT and Proctor frameworks when used in conjunction. These essential details are required to understand, replicate and successfully de-implement unnecessary or inappropriate prescribing. In general, standardisation in the reporting quality of these components is required to replicate any de-implementation efforts.
BACKGROUND: Not registered.

UNASSIGNED: Resilience is a psychological trait and a protective factor that plays a vital role in coping with Chronic Pain (CP). Despite its importance, research has yet to fully clarify the concept and components of resilience in patients with CP. Accordingly, the present study aims to explain the components of resilience in patients with CP.
UNASSIGNED: The current qualitative study used a conventional content analysis methodology. The research population included all patients with CP who were referred to clinics affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (south of Iran) from August 2021 to August 2022. Participants were selected using the purposive sampling method. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants to collect information. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA 2020 software in conjunction with data collection efforts.
UNASSIGNED: Generally, in the current study, 30 sub-sub-categories, 11 sub-categories, and five main categories were extracted as components of resilience in patients with CP. The main categories of resilience against CP included the following: 1. emotional self-regulation, 2. psychological flexibility, 3. self-care, 4. appeal to religion-spirituality, and 5. internal resources and individual competencies.
UNASSIGNED: The present study highlights the different physical, mental, and religious-spiritual strategies that may contribute to resilience against pain. The resilience components identified in this study provide a foundation for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, to design and implement diverse pain management strategies that enhance adjustment to CP conditions.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of youth care guidelines remains a complex process. Several evidence-based frameworks aid the identification and specification of implementation determinants and strategies. However, the influence of specific strategies on certain determinants remains unclear. Therefore, we need to clarify which active ingredients of strategies, known as behaviour change techniques (BCTs), elicit behaviour change and improve implementation outcomes. With this knowledge, we are able to formulate evidence-based implementation hypotheses. An implementation hypothesis details how determinants and in turn, implementation outcomes might be influenced by specific implementation strategies and their BCTs. We aimed to identify (1) determinants relevant to the implementation of youth care guidelines and (2) feasible and potentially effective implementation hypotheses.
METHODS: A four-round online modified Delphi study was conducted. In the first round, experts rated the implementation determinants based on their relevance. Next, experts formulated implementation hypotheses by connecting BCTs and implementation strategies to determinants and were asked to provide a rationale for their choices. In round three, the experts reconsidered and finalised their hypotheses based on an anonymous overview of all formulated hypotheses, including rationales. Finally, the experts rated the implementation hypotheses based on their potential effectiveness and feasibility.
RESULTS: Fourteen experts completed the first, second, and third rounds, with 11 completed the final round. Guideline promotion, mandatory education, presence of an implementation leader, poor management support, knowledge regarding guideline use, and a lack of communication skills were reported as most relevant determinants. In total, 46 hypotheses were formulated, ranging from 6 to 9 per determinant. For each determinant, we provide an overview of the implementation hypotheses that were most commonly deemed feasible and potentially effective.
CONCLUSIONS: This study offers valuable insights into youth care guideline implementation by systematically identifying relevant determinants and formulating hypotheses based on expert input. Determinants related to engagement and to knowledge and skills were found to be relevant to youth care guideline implementation. This study offers a set of hypotheses that could help organisations, policymakers, and professionals guide the implementation process of youth care guidelines to ultimately improve implementation outcomes. The effectiveness of these hypotheses in practice remains to be assessed.

Exercise can effectively slow aging and prevent the onset and reduce the complications of chronic diseases in the elderly. However, roughly one-third of older adults are inactive. Joyful learning is an effective method for promoting physical activity, while using games is a feasible strategy for achieving joyful learning that enables individuals to fully immerse themselves in and enjoy an activity. Therefore, exploring gaming strategies to enhance physical activity among the elderly is worthwhile. In this paper, a set of gaming strategies based on the literature and practical experience is proposed. The name of this strategy, GAME, is an acronym of the following: goal setting and educational content development (G), activity design and game content creation (A), mechanics and dynamics implementation (M), and evaluation of qualitative and quantitative health outcomes (E). This systematic descriptive approach helps clearly demonstrate how gamification strategies can promote physical activity and health in older adults. The aim of this paper is to provide a reference and guide for education, research, and clinical practice in health promotion programs targeting older adults.
BACKGROUND: 快樂學習於老年人運動效益之應用—以「遊戲」策略為例.
運動可以有效減緩老化、預防老年人慢性病及合併症的發生。然而，約1/3老年人不運動。快樂學習是促進運動的不二法門。遊戲是可行的快樂學習策略，可以讓個案全心全意地投入運動，享受運動。因此，為促進老年人運動，遊戲策略值得探討。本文根據文獻與實務經驗提出一套遊戲策略，稱為「G」、「A」、「M」、「E」：目標設定與教育內容發展（goal setting and educational content development, G）、活動設計與遊戲內容創建（activity design and game content creation, A）、機制與動態實現（mechanics and dynamics implementation, M）及定性和定量健康成果評估（evaluation of qualitative and quantitative health outcomes, E）。此系統性的描述方法有助於清晰展示如何通過遊戲化策略來促進老年人的身體運動和健康。本文可在老年人健康促進的教育、研究和臨床實踐層面提供參考和指南。.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has revolutionized cervical cancer prevention. Clinical trials confirm that the quadrivalent (HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18) and bivalent (HPV types 16, 18) vaccines effectively prevent HPV infections and cervical neoplasia. The latest HPV vaccine protects against nine virus types responsible for 90% of cervical cancer cases globally. Despite their undoubted effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with HPV infections, challenges in vaccine coverage and uptake persist. The current study aimed to identify the primary challenges associated with HPV vaccination, propose effective strategies to improve vaccination uptake, and compile relevant evidence into a comprehensive overview to inform policy and practice. A systematic review protocol, following PRISMA-P and PRISMA guidelines, was established. Articles were sourced from the Web of Science using keywords from a comprehensive review of HPV vaccination challenges and strategies. Studies published between 1 January 2020, and 1 May 2024, including RCTs and observational, qualitative, and cross-sectional studies, were included, while reviews, protocols, and commentaries were excluded. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened per PRISMA guidelines. The review identified five key strategies to improve HPV vaccination uptake: parental and school engagement, use of technology and multimedia tools, healthcare providers\' role, multicomponent interventions, and targeted interventions for immigrant groups. This review emphasized the need for a multifaceted approach to improving vaccination rates, offering a robust foundation for policy and stakeholder initiatives.

BACKGROUND: Occupational trauma is heightened among police officers due to their exposure to physical, biological, chemical, and psychological hazards. Sustained occupational trauma results in mental illness among members of the police, which is a public health issue of concern. This study aimed to report a scoping review of the literature on strategies employed by police officers for coping with occupational trauma around the globe.
METHODS: A search string, formulated from the review question of what is known about the strategies of police officers for coping with occupational trauma, was used to search for articles from databases. A total of 588 hits were screened against inclusion criteria, resulting in 36 full-text studies between 1983 and 2022 being included in this review. Data were extracted using a standardised data extraction tool. The multi-step process was used to analyse the extracted data, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches.
RESULTS: From this review, \'adaptive coping mechanisms\', involving confrontation; \'maladaptive coping mechanisms\', such as self-isolation, distancing and substance use; \'resilience\', relating to mental preparation, and \'seeking support systems\' from family, colleagues and professionals reflected the strategies used by police officers to cope with occupational trauma. Social stigma related to mental health disorders impacts the strategies used by police officers to cope with occupational trauma.
CONCLUSIONS: the police management and healthcare practitioners must collaborate towards providing constructive environments that support and strengthen police officers\' strategies for coping with occupational trauma.