■神经多样性范式将自闭症定位为在社会环境中致残的神经差异,摆脱了传统的疾病医学观点。最近的一些出版物建议使用替代神经肯定语言(ANL)代替传统医学语言(TML),目的是增加自闭症患者的接受度并减少偏见。检查最近自闭症文献中的语言使用情况,包括期刊和研究特点,可以提供洞察这些建议和当前残疾话语的影响。
■自2021年以来,使用自闭症研究的系统评价和荟萃分析(PRISMA)指南的首选报告项目进行了系统评价(n=2322篇文章;394期刊)。文章是根据主题编码的,参与者,使用自我报告。期刊是按主题编码的,地理区域,语言指南。使用QDAMiner软件提取术语使用。
■许多文章主要使用TML,而较小的子集主要使用ANL。ANL使用与出版日期呈正相关。更多的ANL与自闭症特征主题的文章相关联,多样性,股本,和包容性(DEI),或寿命,包括自闭症成年人或自闭症自我报告。在澳大利亚或欧洲的期刊或具有识别第一语言(IFL)指南的期刊中也发现了更多的ANL。较少的ANL(更多的TML)与生物学/病因或治疗的文章相关,包括自闭症或非自闭症父母,自闭症青年,兄弟姐妹,或其他临床小组,并发表在医学期刊上。
■在自闭症研究中,TML继续在很大程度上主导语言选择,随着最近文献中对ANL的新兴转变。期刊和文章语言推荐可能会促进ANL的增加。在自闭症社区优先讨论的主题的文章中,神经确认语言也更有可能出现,包括自闭症成年人,也可能是由文化差异驱动的。研究人员和从业者应该考虑他们的语言使用可能影响自闭症患者的个人和社会观点。
为什么这个话题很重要?语言的使用会影响人们对群体的看法。历史上,自闭症被认为是医学模式的一部分,通常关注自闭症症状和缺陷。最近的神经多样性范式将自闭症视为可以接受和支持的差异。这种接受的一部分是使用将自闭症描述为某人身份的一部分的词语,并强调个性化的优势或需求。本文的目的是什么?最近的几篇论文建议在自闭症研究中使用替代神经肯定语言(ANL)代替传统医学语言(TML)。本文总结了自闭症语言的使用,并研究了期刊和文章的某些部分如何影响措辞。作者做了什么?我们使用了系统评价和荟萃分析(PRISMA)的首选报告项目指南来收集2021年发表的自闭症研究。我们从594种期刊中找到了2322篇文章。我们首先总结了文章中ANL相对于TML的多少。然后,我们根据文章的主题和参与者的类型比较了这种语言的使用,以及期刊\'字段,地理区域,以及它们是否包括语言使用指南。评论的结果是什么?我们发现文章主要使用TML,但最近的文章有更多的ANL。有更多ANL的文章是最近发表的研究,关于特征或寿命经历(例如,育儿,工作,老化),包括自闭症成年人作为参与者,来自针对残疾人或自闭症患者的语言指南期刊,或来自澳大利亚或欧洲的期刊。有更多TML的文章是关于自闭症的治疗或生物学解释的文章,包括兄弟姐妹作为参与者,或发表在医学期刊上。这意味着文章和期刊的某些方面与研究人员如何撰写自闭症有关。作者推荐什么?临床医生和研究人员应该询问自闭症患者他们对语言的偏好。提到自闭症时的共同语言可能会根据正在研究的主题和参与者而有所不同。需要更多的研究来了解不同的术语如何影响对自闭症患者的偏见和社会观点。我们还应该考虑自闭症观点的文化差异,这影响了研究人员的术语使用。希望加速使用ANL的期刊应考虑采用明确的语言使用指南。这些发现将如何帮助自闭症患者现在或未来?这篇文章总结了研究人员如何谈论自闭症,这可能会影响别人对自闭症患者的看法。越来越多地使用ANL可能会逐渐影响自闭症的概念化和对自闭症患者的偏见。
UNASSIGNED: The neurodiversity paradigm positions autism as a neurological difference that is disabling in the societal context, shifting away from the traditional medical view of a disorder. Several recent publications recommend use of alternative neuro-affirming language (ANL) instead of traditional medical language (TML) with the aim to increase acceptance of autistic people and reduce prejudice. Examining language use within recent autism literature, including by journal and study characteristics, may offer insight into the influence of these recommendations and current disability discourse.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic review was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in autism research from 2021 (n = 2322 articles; 394 journals). Articles were coded according to topic, participants, and use of self-report. Journals were coded by topic, geographic region, and language guidelines. Terminology use was extracted using QDA Miner software.
UNASSIGNED: Many articles primarily used TML with a smaller subset primarily using ANL. There was a positive correlation between ANL use and publication date. More ANL was associated with articles on topics of autistic traits, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), or lifespan and that included autistic adults or autistic self-report. More ANL was also found in journals from Australasia or Europe or those that had identify-first language (IFL) guidelines. Less ANL (more TML) was associated with articles on biology/causes or treatment and that included autistic or non-autistic parents, autistic youth, siblings, or other clinical groups, and were published in medical journals.
UNASSIGNED: TML continues to largely dominate language choices in autism research, with an emerging shift toward ANL in recent literature. Increased ANL may be facilitated by journal and article language recommendations. Neuro-affirming language was also more likely in articles on topics prioritized by the autistic community, that included autistic adults, and may also be driven by cultural differences. Researchers and practitioners should consider the potential for their language use to impact individual and societal views of autistic people.
Why is this topic important? Language use impacts how groups of people are viewed. Historically, autism was talked about as part of the medical model, which usually focuses on autism symptoms and deficits. The recent neurodiversity paradigm views autism as a difference that could be accepted and supported. Part of this acceptance is using words that describe autism as part of someone\'s identity and emphasizing individualized strengths or needs. What is the purpose of this article? Several recent papers recommend using alternative neuro-affirming language (ANL) instead of traditional medical language (TML) in autism research. This article summarizes autism language use and examines how certain parts of journals and articles may impact phrasing. What did the authors do? We used guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to gather autism research studies published in 2021. We found 2322 articles from 594 journals. We first summarized how much ANL was in the articles relative to TML. Then, we compared this language use based on the articles\' topic and types of participants, and also the journals\' field, geographic region, and whether they included guidelines for language use. What were the results of the review? We found that articles primarily used TML, but more recent articles had more ANL. Articles that had more ANL were studies published more recently, were about traits or lifespan experiences (e.g., parenting, work, aging), included autistic adults as participants, from journals with language guidelines specific to disabled or autistic people, or from journals from Australasia or Europe. Articles that had more TML were those about treatments for or biological explanations of autism, included siblings as participants, or were published in medical journals. This means that certain aspects of articles and journals are related to how researchers write about autism. What do the authors recommend? Clinicians and researchers should ask autistic people their preferences surrounding language. Common language when referring to autism may differ based on the topic and participants that are being studied. More research is needed to understand how different terms impact prejudice toward and societal views of autistic people. We should also consider cultural differences in autism views, which influence researchers\' terminology use. Journals that wish to accelerate use of ANL should consider adopting explicit guidelines for language use. How will these findings help autistic people now or in the future? This article summarizes how researchers talk about autism, which likely impacts how autistic people are viewed by others. Increasing use of ANL may gradually impact conceptualizations of autism and prejudice regarding autistic people.