UNASSIGNED: Despite widespread efforts by many countries to reduce the prevalence of unmet healthcare needs within their populations, there remains a scarcity of research systematically exploring the components of these needs.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to deconstruct subjective unmet healthcare needs into two distinct components: the experience of subjective healthcare needs (the \"Needs\" component) and the experience of unmet needs contingent on those healthcare needs (the \"Unmet\" component).
UNASSIGNED: This analysis utilizes data from 13,359 adults aged 19 or older, collected through the 2018 Korea Health Panel survey, with the aim of minimizing the influence of the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. The two dependent variables are the experience of subjective healthcare needs and whether these needs have been met. The independent variables include 15 socio-demographic, health, and functional characteristics. The study employs both a population proportion analysis and a multivariable bivariate probit model with sample selection.
UNASSIGNED: In South Korea, 11.6% (CI [confidence interval] = 11.0-12.3%) of the population experienced subjective unmet healthcare needs. Upon deconstructing these, 96.7% (CI = 96.2-97.1%) of the population exhibited the Needs component, and 12.0% (CI = 11.4-12.7%) displayed the Unmet component. Each independent variable showed different associations between the two components. Furthermore, effective interventions targeting the characteristics associated with each component could reduce the proportion of the population experiencing subjective unmet healthcare needs from 11.6 to 4.0%.
UNASSIGNED: South Korea faces a significant challenge due to the considerable prevalence of subjective unmet healthcare needs. To address this challenge effectively, the universal healthcare coverage system should adapt its approach based on the characteristics associated with both the Needs and Unmet components of subjective unmet healthcare needs. To achieve this goal, it is highly recommended that the government prioritize strengthening community-based primary healthcare, which currently suffers from insufficient resources.

Adopting conservation tillage technology can promote sustainable agriculture development. There have been many studies on all farmers\' conservation tillage behaviors, but few studies are based on a farmer\'s multidimensional heterogeneity perspective. Given the background, we conduct an empirical evaluation using micro survey data from 819 households in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin. This paper uses the entropy method to classify farm households into three types: economically dominant, resource dominant, and socially dominant. Furthermore, we use the Heckman sample selection model to discuss the factors that affect the adoption of conservation tillage technology by different types of farmers. The results show that land fragmentation degree can inhibit economically dominant farmers conservation tillage technology adoption behavior. Social relations can positively influence resource dominant farmers. The share of non-farm income will positively impact socially dominant farmers. This paper further proposes policy implications, based on the findings that different types of farmers have various factors influencing conservation tillage technology adoption behavior.

The promotion of rural centrally produced biogas (CPB) is an effective carbon neutrality development solution in rural areas. How to better encourage farmers to adopt such products is an important part of the sustainable development of a project. For this reason, focus is needed on the \"willingness to embrace (WTE)\" and \"Willingness to motivate (WTM)\" of rural residents for CPB projects and their influencing factors. We chose to conduct questionnaire surveys in rural areas of the Hebei and Shandong provinces of China, using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The results show that 85% of the respondents support CPB. Compared with urban gas, the subsidy demand of rural residents for CPB is 56.78%. The influencing factors of the residents\' WTE are affected by the number of children in the family, whether the village cadres are installed in the family, solar water heaters installed in the family, knowledge and attitudes towards environmental protection, and the embracing of daily energy habits. The influencing factors on the residents\' WTM are age, education level, ownership of arable land, knowledge of environmental protection, etc. Therefore, we propose policy recommendations. First, we must fully understand the willingness and demands of farmers, adopt a reasonable compensation response mechanism, and scientifically calculate financial inputs. The second step is to guide farmers through multi-channel publicity. Third, we aim to improve project operation efficiency, reduce operating costs, and minimize the government\'s financial burden on the basis of ensuring that farmers\' demands are considered in a coordinated manner.

It is increasingly recognized that restoration actions in marine environments are required in order to deal with continued habitat degradation and to support conservation strategies. Restoration success is judged on the ecological outcomes but with limited resources the magnitude of the societal benefits achieved is an important consideration for policy makers. This study demonstrates how the potential non-market benefit value of a deep-sea restoration project might be assessed. The contingent valuation method is employed to elicit the Italian population\'s willingness to pay for the restoration of the Dohrn deep-sea canyon in the Bay of Naples. Sample selection models that control for the impact of protest zero bidders on benefit value estimation are compared to more traditional modelling approaches. The results indicate a positive willingness to pay for the restoration of the canyon ecosystem and the importance of accounting for protest zero bidders in contingent valuation studies, especially when the environmental good is unfamiliar to respondents. The paper argues that the inclusion of non-market benefit values is particularly important in assessing the potential for marine ecosystem restoration if a true reflection of the value to society of restoring such habitats are to be correctly captured.

This paper examines the determinants of unmet healthcare needs in Europe. Special emphasis is put on the impact of social capital. Data come from the European Social Survey, 2014. Our study includes 32,868 respondents in 20 countries. Because unmet needs are observed only in those individuals who are exposed to, and recognise, the need of medical care, sample selection can be an issue. To address it, we analyse the data using the bivariate sample selection model. When there is no need, there is no assessment of access to healthcare. Accordingly, in this situation, our model assumes that unmet need is unobserved. The magnitude and statistical significance of the error correlation support our modelling strategy. A high proportion (18.4%) of individuals in need in Europe reported unmet needs. Informal connections seem to mitigate barriers to access as well as trust in other people and institutions, particularly in health services. Financial strain still is a strong predictor of unmet needs. Other vulnerable groups include informal carers, minorities and individuals feeling discriminated. Unmet needs might also arise due to persistent needs of healthcare as it seems to be the case of individuals with lower health status and chronic conditions. A result that merits further research concerns the positive impact of civic engagement on unmet needs.

In 2012, the prevalence of obesity and overweight statuses among children in Spain was 9% and 26%, respectively. Concerns about childhood obesity have increased over the past few years, as obesity developed during childhood can persist throughout an individual\'s lifetime (cohort effect). This study aims to develop a better understanding of the factors influencing the prevalence of obesity in Spain.
Microdata from the 2012 National Health Survey are used, and the methodological framework is based on the estimation of a sample selection model.
Results suggest that the prevalence of obesity increases among children who live in households of a lower socio-economic status and households in which parents are obese. Lower levels of childhood physical activity are positively related to the probability of being obese. Finally, there exists a positive relationship between children\'s body mass index and an inappropriate intake of fresh fruits, fish, pasta and rice, legumes, sweets and soft drinks.
The methodological framework used in this study is flexible enough to be used in traditional longitudinal studies. Children\'s and households\' lifestyles play a pivotal role in the prevalence of obesity. Policies should be oriented toward changing lifestyles, which would require more multidisciplinary research in the future to reduce childhood obesity.