UNASSIGNED: The study aimed to analyze the three-dimensional characteristics of nystagmus induced by different semicircular canal combinations in healthy young people, and to determine the reference range of nystagmus slow phase velocity (SPV) and its asymmetry.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty-two healthy volunteers (26 males and 26 females, aged 17-42 years, average 23.52 ± 6.59), were recruited to perform the manual triaxial rotation testing with a 3D-Videonystagmography (3D-VNG) device (VertiGoggles (ZT-VNG-II), Shanghai ZEHNIT Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) using a 0.3 Hz prompt beat and a 90° amplitude, respectively. The induced nystagmus around the Z-, X-, and Y-axes were recorded in the yaw, pitch, and roll planes. The directions and slow phase velocities of the horizontal, vertical, and torsional components of the induced nystagmus under different semicircular canal combinations (the left lateral and right lateral semicircular canal combination, bilateral anterior semicircular canals, bilateral posterior semicircular canals combination, and the anterior and posterior semicircular canals combination of each ear), as well as their asymmetry, were taken as the observation indexes to analyze the characteristics of the nystagmus vectors of different combinations.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty-two healthy volunteers had no spontaneous nystagmus. The characteristic nystagmus was induced by the same head movement direction in all three axial rotation tests. The SPVs of the left and right nystagmus were 44.45 ± 15.75°/s and 43.79 ± 5.42°/s, respectively, when the subjects\' heads were turned left or right around the Z-axis (yaw). The SPVs of vertically upward and downward nystagmus were 31.67 ± 9.46°/s and 30.01 ± 9.20°/s, respectively, when the subjects\' heads were pitched around the X-axis (pitch). The SPVs of torsional nystagmus, with the upper poles of the eyes twisting slowly to the right and left ears (from the participant\'s perspective), were 28.99 ± 9.20°/s and 28.35 ± 8.17°/s, respectively, when the subjects\' heads were turned left or right around the Y-axis (roll). There was no significant difference in the SPVs of nystagmus induced by the same rotation axis in two opposite directions (p > 0.05). The reference ranges for the slow phase velocities (SPVs) of nystagmus induced by the triaxial rotation testing were as follows: For the Z-axis (yaw), the SPVs were 13.58-75.32°/s for leftward head rotation and 13.56-74.02°/s for rightward head rotation. For the X-axis (pitch), the SPVs were 13.13-50.21°/s for upward head nystagmus and 11.98-48.04°/s for downward head nystagmus. For the Y-axis (roll), the SPVs were 10.97-47.02°/s for the left-sided head rotation and 12.34-44.35°/s for the right-sided head rotation.
UNASSIGNED: This study clarified the three-dimensional characteristics of nystagmus induced by different semicircular canal combinations in healthy young people. It also established a preliminary reference range of SPVs and SPV asymmetry of nystagmus induced by the vertical semicircular canal. It can further provide a basis for the mechanism of semicircular canal-induced nystagmus and the traceability of nystagmus in patients with otogenic vertigo. It is shown that the portable 3D-VNG eye mask can be used for the manual triaxial rotation testing to achieve the evaluation of the low-frequency angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) function of the vertical semicircular canal, which is convenient, efficient, and practical.

BACKGROUND: Gene-wise differential expression is usually the first major step in the statistical analysis of high-throughput data obtained from techniques such as microarrays or RNA-sequencing. The analysis at gene level is often complemented by interrogating the data in a broader biological context that considers as unit of measure groups of genes that may have a common function or biological trait. Among the vast number of publications about gene set analysis (GSA), the rotation test for gene set analysis, also referred to as roast, is a general sample randomization approach that maintains the integrity of the intra-gene set correlation structure in defining the null distribution of the test.
RESULTS: We present roastgsa, an R package that contains several enrichment score functions that feed the roast algorithm for hypothesis testing. These implemented methods are evaluated using both simulated and benchmarking data in microarray and RNA-seq datasets. We find that computationally intensive measures based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistics fail to improve the rates of simpler measures of GSA like mean and maxmean scores. We also show the importance of accounting for the gene linear dependence structure of the testing set, which is linked to the loss of effective signature size. Complete graphical representation of the results, including an approximation for the effective signature size, can be obtained as part of the roastgsa output.
CONCLUSIONS: We encourage the usage of the absmean (non-directional), mean (directional) and maxmean (directional) scores for roast GSA analysis as these are simple measures of enrichment that have presented dominant results in all provided analyses in comparison to the more complex KS measures.

Objective:To evaluate the value of high intensity stimulation training of semicircular canal of SRM-Ⅳ vertigo diagnosis and treatment system in the rehabilitation of vestibular neuritis. Methods:To analyze 68 patients with vestibular neuritis treated in Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shijiazhuang People\'s Hospital from January 2020 to January 2021, conduct spontaneous nystagmus and head toss test, and perform spontaneous nystagmus and rotation test of SRM-Ⅳvertigo system, compare the positive rate of the side of disease was between the two. To randomly divide 68 patients into treatment group 1, 2 and control group, the control group with drugs, treatment group 1 with drugs and vestibular rehabilitation training exercise, treatment group 2 with additional high intensity stimulation training of semicircular canal at one week after onset, on the basis of drug therapy and vestibular rehabilitation training exercise. At 2 weeks and 1 month, through swivel chair test negative rate, DHI score, compare the efficacy of the three groups. Results:Spontaneous nystagmus combined with head toss test confirmed 80.9% of the side of the disease, spontaneous nystagmus and rotation test of SRM-Ⅳ vertigo system confirmed 100%, the difference is statistically significant（P<0.05）. Compared with the control group and the treatment group 1, the negative conversion rate of the rotation test in the treatment group 2 at the second week and the first month of treatment, the difference is statistically significant（P<0.05, the second week χ²=6.474, the first month χ²=6.245）; the DHI score of treatment group 2 was statistically significant compared with that of control group and treatment group 1 at the second week and first month of treatment（P<0.05, the second week F=13.578, the first month F=28.599）. Conclusion:SRM-Ⅳ vertigo diagnosis and treatment system semicircular canal high intensity stimulation training has a certain role in the rehabilitation treatment of vestibular neuritis. It is simple to operate, patient tolerance and compliance are good, and it is worth promoting.
目的：评价SRM-Ⅳ眩晕诊疗系统半规管高强刺激训练在前庭神经炎康复治疗中的价值。 方法：对2020年1月—2022年1月在石家庄市人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科治疗的68例前庭神经炎患者，进行自发眼震、甩头试验以及SRM-Ⅳ眩晕诊疗系统的自发眼震、旋转试验检查。将68例患者随机分为对照组、治疗1组、治疗2组。对照组应用药物治疗，治疗1组给予药物治疗和前庭康复训练，治疗2组在药物治疗、前庭康复训练基础上，于发病1周后增加半规管高强刺激训练。3组分别在治疗2周、1个月时，通过旋转试验转阴率、DHI评分进行疗效比较。 结果：自发眼震结合甩头试验检查明确发病侧别80.9%，经SRM-Ⅳ眩晕诊疗系统的自发眼震和旋转试验检查明确发病侧别100%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；治疗2组在治疗2周、1个月旋转试验转阴率与对照组和治疗1组比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05、2周χ²=6.474、1个月χ²=6.245）；治疗2组在治疗2周、1个月DHI评分与对照组和治疗1组比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05、2周F=13.578、1个月F=28.599）。 结论：SRM-Ⅳ眩晕诊疗系统半规管高强刺激训练在前庭神经炎康复治疗中具有一定的作用，其操作简单，患者耐受性、依从性好，值得临床推广。.

In observational microarray studies, issues of confounding invariably arise. One approach to account for measured confounders is to include them as covariates in a multivariate linear model. For this model, however, the application of permutation-based multiple testing procedures is problematic because exchangeability of responses, in general, does not hold. Nevertheless, it is possible to achieve rotatability of transformed responses at the cost of a distributional assumption. We argue that rotation-based multiple testing, by allowing for adjustments for confounding, represents an important extension of permutation-based multiple testing procedures. The proposed methodology is illustrated with a microarray observational study on breast cancer tumors. Software to perform the procedure described in this article is available in the flip R package.

Gene set analysis methods are popular tools for identifying differentially expressed gene sets in microarray data. Most existing methods use a permutation test to assess significance for each gene set. The permutation test\'s assumption of exchangeable samples is often not satisfied for time-series data and complex experimental designs, and in addition it requires a certain number of samples to compute p-values accurately. The method presented here uses a rotation test rather than a permutation test to assess significance. The rotation test can compute accurate p-values also for very small sample sizes. The method can handle complex designs and is particularly suited for longitudinal microarray data where the samples may have complex correlation structures. Dependencies between genes, modeled with the use of gene networks, are incorporated in the estimation of correlations between samples. In addition, the method can test for both gene sets that are differentially expressed and gene sets that show strong time trends. We show on simulated longitudinal data that the ability to identify important gene sets may be improved by taking the correlation structure between samples into account. Applied to real data, the method identifies both gene sets with constant expression and gene sets with strong time trends.