职业接触病原体可能会带来健康风险。这项研究通过分析气溶胶和表面样品,调查了污水处理厂(WWTP)和猪场工人的病毒暴露情况。使用定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)测定评估病毒污染,并进行靶富集测序(TES)以鉴定工人可能接触的脊椎动物病毒。此外,进行了定量微生物风险评估(QMRA),以评估与WWTP工人的病毒暴露相关的职业风险。选择人腺病毒(HAdV)作为参考病原体。在养猪场,QMRA作为外推进行,考虑一种假设的人畜共患病毒,其特征与猪腺病毒(PAdV)相似。模拟的暴露途径包括通过污染表面的气雾剂吸入和口服摄入以及手口接触。HAdV和PAdV是污水处理厂和猪场中普遍存在的病毒,分别,通过qPCR分析。TES鉴定了人类和其他脊椎动物病毒WWTP样品,包括来自腺病毒科等家族的病毒,圆环病毒科,正疱疹病毒科,乳头状瘤病毒科,和细小病毒科。在养猪场,大多数鉴定的脊椎动物病毒是属于腺病毒科的猪病毒,星状病毒科,圆环病毒科,疱疹病毒科,乳头状瘤病毒科,细小病毒科,小导航科,和逆转录病毒科。QMRA分析显示,如果不采取安全措施,WWTP工人将面临值得注意的病毒感染风险。与冬季相比,夏季因吸入HAdV而患病的可能性更高,而冬季在工作场所观察到口服摄入的最大风险。养猪场QMRA模拟表明,在暴露于假设的人畜共患病毒的情况下,存在潜在的职业风险。这项研究为WWTP和养猪场工人职业暴露于人类和其他脊椎动物病毒提供了有价值的见解。本研究中进行的QMRA和NGS分析将有助于管理人员做出基于证据的决策,促进保护措施的实施,和工人的风险缓解做法。
Occupational exposure to pathogens can pose health risks. This study investigates the viral exposure of workers in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a swine farm by analyzing aerosol and surfaces samples. Viral contamination was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, and target enrichment sequencing (TES) was performed to identify the vertebrate viruses to which workers might be exposed. Additionally, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was conducted to estimate the occupational risk associated with viral exposure for WWTP workers, choosing Human Adenovirus (HAdV) as the reference pathogen. In the swine farm, QMRA was performed as an extrapolation, considering a hypothetical zoonotic virus with characteristics similar to Porcine Adenovirus (PAdV). The modelled exposure routes included aerosol inhalation and oral ingestion through contaminated surfaces and hand-to-mouth contact. HAdV and PAdV were widespread viruses in the WWTP and the swine farm, respectively, by qPCR assays. TES identified human and other vertebrate viruses WWTP samples, including viruses from families such as Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Orthoherpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Parvoviridae. In the swine farm, most of the identified vertebrate viruses were porcine viruses belonging to Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Retroviridae. QMRA analysis revealed noteworthy risks of viral infections for WWTP workers if safety measures are not taken. The probability of illness due to HAdV inhalation was higher in summer compared to winter, while the greatest risk from oral ingestion was observed in workspaces during winter. Swine farm QMRA simulation suggested a potential occupational risk in the case of exposure to a hypothetical zoonotic virus. This study provides valuable insights into WWTP and swine farm worker\'s occupational exposure to human and other vertebrate viruses. QMRA and NGS analyses conducted in this study will assist managers in making evidence-based decisions, facilitating the implementation of protection measures, and risk mitigation practices for workers.