In Mexico, about 40 % of the mango harvest is lost due to marketing problems. Moreover, the mango industry generates peel and seed waste that ranges from 35 to 60 % of the total weight of processed fruits. This unexploited mango biomass represents a potential resource for producing value-added by-products. A market alternative is exploiting the mango peel as a source of biofunctional compounds, such as pectin. This hydrocolloid has applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. This study quantified the peel components of the Ataulfo, Panameño, Manila, and Haden cultivars. The mango peel showed a considerable input of dietary fiber (37-45 % DM), minerals (1018-2156 mg/100 g DM), phenols (2123-4851 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g DM), flavonoids (0.74-2.7 mg quercetin equivalent/g DM) and antioxidant capacity (375-937 μM Trolox equivalent/g DM). The four cultivars presented high methoxyl pectins (66-71 %). The molecular weight of the pectins analyzed was from 957 to 4859 kDa. The Panameño cultivar showed the highest amount of pectin and viscosity concerning the peel of the other cultivars and a higher content of glucomannans (≈28.21 %). The pectin of the Haden cultivar was the only one with arabinoxylans since xylose was not detected in the pectin of the other cultivars. The chemical characteristics of the studied mango peels are promising for their industrialization.

UNASSIGNED: Fish is considered an important food because it includes main nutrients (proteins, fats, and ash) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). The assessment of fish nutritional content data may offer crucial recommendations regarding freshwater fish consumption and preserving human well-being.
UNASSIGNED: Evaluate the safety and quality properties of Nasser Lake fish, Aswan, Egypt.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 250 samples, 50 of each Nile tilapia, Nile perch, Zander, Catfish, and Elephant-snout, from Nasser Lake, Aswan, Egypt; beheaded, eviscerated, filleted, and minced for determination of proximate analysis, amino acid, fatty acids (FAs), minerals and heavy metal, histamine content, cholesterol content, and sensory assessment.
UNASSIGNED: The proximate analysis showed that all the samples examined were of good protein sources, with mean values ranging from 15.92% to 22.89%. Nile perch exhibits the highest levels of total FAs and amino acids. Heavy metal concentrations varied considerably among the analyzed samples, with a significant variance in the detection of metals among the examined fish. The findings show low histamine and cholesterol levels in the examined species, and were in accordance with those set by the National Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the European Union Commission (EC). Accordingly, all samples are accepted based on their sensory properties.
UNASSIGNED: Nasser Lake fish are of high nutritional value and have an excellent supply of amino and FAs.

Jikita is a traditional fermented beverage popular among the Oromo ethnic groups in Ethiopia. It is made from cereal and has a high alcohol content and thick texture. Jikita is widely consumed in the Western Oromia region of Ethiopia and holds significant socioeconomic and cultural importance. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the microbial quality and safety of Jikita, as well as its physicochemical and proximate composition. This study is aimed at assessing the current state of Jikita production and consumption. Samples were collected from two districts in the West Shewa Zone, where Jikita is most prevalent. A survey was conducted to gather information on production methods, sanitary conditions, ingredient composition, and the socioeconomic importance of Jikita. The samples were then analyzed for microbial counts, identification, and dynamics, as well as for pH, titratable acidity (TA), moisture, total solid, alcohol, carbohydrate, fat, and protein contents. The results showed that the majority of producers and sellers were middle-aged women who did not use protective clothing. Microbial counts revealed that the levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were below the WHO/FDA standards, and no Salmonella spp. were detected. The samples exhibited varying pH, TA, moisture, total solid, alcohol, carbohydrate, fat, and protein contents. The microbial dynamics during fermentation showed that different groups of bacteria and yeasts dominated different stages. The overall microbial quality of Jikita was indicative of spoilage microorganisms. However, the duration of fermentation inhibited the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and extended the shelf life of the product to more than 2 months. This study provides valuable insights into traditional fermented beverages and their implications for public health. It also suggests the need for improved hygiene practices and quality control measures in Jikita production and consumption.

UNASSIGNED: Launaea cornuta is a vegetable with therapeutic advantage for human diseases.
UNASSIGNED: Evaluate nutritive and non-nutritive components, antioxidant activity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy profile of L. cornuta leaves.
UNASSIGNED: Proximate, nutri, non-nutrient, percentage phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, and saponin contents were investigated using standard procedures. Total phenolic and flavonoids of the extracts were determined spectroscopically. Antioxidant activity and functional groups in the extracts were characterised by 2.2- diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Carbohydrates were the most abundant (57.61±0.61 %), and crude lipids were the least abundant (4.26±0.20 %) in L. cornuta. Essential amino acids were present in varying concentrations, and histidine was the most abundant (251.20±2.00 mg/100 g dw). Calcium was the most abundant mineral element (820.49±1.05 µg/g dw). High concentrations of phenols (13.07±0.60 %) and low amounts of saponins (2.19±0.10 %) were recorded. Methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts revealed total phenols of 83.10±4.32 and 57.77 ±1.65 mgGAE/g dw, respectively, while total flavonoids were 8.00±0.01 and 7.99±0.03 mgCE/g of dry weight, respectively. Aqueous extract had significant DPPH radical scavenging efficacy (IC50 =72.96± 0.32 µg/ml) compared to 681.57± 2.21 jg/ml for methanol extract.
UNASSIGNED: L. cornuta contain phytochemicals with health benefits for averting oxidative stress related diseases.

Species belonging to the genus Bacillus produce many advantageous extracellular enzymes that have tremendous applications on a commercial scale for the textile, detergent, feed, food, and beverage industries. This study aimed to isolate potent thermo-tolerant amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterium from the local environment. Using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology, we further optimized the amylase and cellulase activity. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus subtilis QY4. This study utilized potato peel waste (PPW) as the biomaterial, which is excessively being dumped in an open environment. Nutritional status of the dried PPW was determined by proximate analysis. All experimental runs were carried out in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing acid treated PPW as a substrate by the thermos-tolerant Bacillus subtilis QY4 incubated at 37 °C for 72 h of submerged fermentation. Results revealed that the dilute H2SO4 assisted autoclaved treatment favored more amylase production (0.601 IU/mL/min) compared to the acid treatment whereas high cellulase production (1.269 IU/mL/min) was observed in the dilute acid treatment and was found to be very effective compared to the acid assisted autoclaved treatment. The p-value, F-value, and coefficient of determination proved the significance of the model. These results suggest that PPW could be sustainably used to produce enzymes, which offer tremendous applications in various industrial arrays, particularly in biofuel production.

Diverse methodologies exist to determine the chemical composition, proximate analysis, and calorific value of biomass. Researchers select and apply a specific methodology according to the lignocellulosic material they study and the budgetary resources available. In this project, we determined the primary chemical constitution and proximate analysis of Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl.) Jonhst wood using a traditional chemical method and a novel procedure based on the deconvolution of the DTG signal produced by TGA. The highest calorific value was verified using a calorimetric pump based on mathematical models. We also conducted elemental analysis and a microanalysis of ash, and applied Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR). The means of the results obtained by the chemical method and TGA-DTG, respectively, were: hemicelluloses 7.36%-(8.72%), cellulose 48.28%-(46.08%), lignin 30.57%-(32.44%), extractables 13.53%-(12.72%), moisture 2.03%-(4.96%), ash 1.77%-(1.90%), volatile matter 75.16%-(74.14%), and fixed carbon 23.05%-(18.93%). The procedure with the calorimetric pump generated a calorific value above 20.16 MJ/kg. The range generated by the various models was 18.23-21.07 MJ/kg. The results of the elemental analysis were: carbon 46.4%, hydrogen 6.79%, oxygen 46.43%, nitrogen 0.3%, and sulfur 0.5%. The microanalysis of ash identified 18 elements. The most abundant ones were potassium ˃ calcium ˃ sodium. Based on the infrared spectrum (FT-IR) of Prosopis laevigata wood, we detected the following functional groups: OH, C-H, C=O, CH2, CH3, C-O-C, C-OH, and C4-OH. Our conclusion is that the TGA-DTG method made it possible to obtain results in less time with no need for the numerous reagents that chemical procedures require. The calorific value of P. laevigata wood is higher than the standards. Finally, according to our results, proximate analysis provides the best model for calculating calorific value.

Millet products have garnered global recognition for their exceptional nutritional profile, appealing to various age demographics, and, therefore, fortifying such products with minerals can ensure nutritional security. This research explores the feasibility of utilizing millet as a substitute for refined wheat flour in biscuit production. Three distinct millet varieties were investigated: finger, pearl, and buckwheat. Employing response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal ratio of these flours was determined, resulting in a blend of 1.5:1:1, respectively. The optimized multi-millet biscuits were further enhanced with calcium fortification and subjected to comprehensive physico-chemical analysis. Proximate composition analysis revealed favorable levels of protein (5.472 ± 0.31%), ash (2.80 ± 0.57 g/100 g), and energy density (5.8015 ± 0.004 kcal/g), indicating a significantly higher protein content, enriched mineral profile, and high energy density as compared to refined wheat flour products. Sensory evaluation encompassing attributes such as color and texture and organoleptic assessment using a nine-point hedonic scale demonstrated favorable acceptance. Additionally, the overall acceptability of the biscuits remained consistently high throughout storage, ranging from 8.263 ± 0.65 (day 0) to 8.053 ± 0.85 (day 14). This study underscores the potential of multi-millet biscuits as a nutritious and palatable alternative to traditional wheat-based snacks, offering an avenue for diversifying dietary options and promoting healthier food choices.

The demand for cowhide (ponmo) is currently very high, particularly in Nigeria, due to rising commodity prices, including animal proteins, which has forced a larger percentage of the population who cannot afford meat, chicken, turkey or eggs to rely on other meat products such as \"ponmo,\" \"kundi,\" and \"tinko\" as an alternative source of protein. This research aims to identify microorganisms associated with ponmo, determine the antibiogram of the isolates, and assess the nutritional value of ponmo marketed in Ilishan-Remo central market. Six ponmo vendors were sampled for Dry White Ponmo (DWP), Wet White Ponmo (WWP), Wet Brown Ponmo (WBP) and Brown Ponmo Water (BPW) and transported in sterile containers to the Laboratory for analysis to determine the microbial load, sensitivity, and proximate analysis using standardized methods. For microbiological analysis, samples were tested in triplicate. All samples analyzed had a high microbial load count (from 1.1 x 106 to 1.4 x 107). The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli (34.21 %), Staphylococcus aureus (26.31 %), Klebsiella spp. (18.42 %), Pseudomonas spp. (13.15 %) and Coagulase-negative staphylococci (7.89 %). All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Septrin had the highest resistivity (86.84 %) while gentamicin had the lowest resistance (7.89 %). Pefloxacin sensitivity was observed in 37 of the 38 isolates (97.37 % sensitivity). Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin came second and third (84.2 % and 73.68 % sensitivity) respectively. According to the proximate analysis, the WWP has more protein, fat, and fiber, whereas the WBP has more moisture. Food handlers should follow Good Hygiene Practices and take a Food Handlers Test regularly.

A two-step treatment  of mahua oil was conducted to synthesize mahua biodiesel using heterogeneous biomass-based catalyst derived from mahua shell. Mahua oil having higher free fatty acid (FFA) content (about 19%) was esterified to reduce the FFA content up to 1%. The esterification process was carried out using 200 mL mahua oil, 5:1 molar ratio (methanol:oil), and 2.25 weight% of H2SO4 at a temperature of 60 °C for 3 h. Post esterification, a set of 16 experiments were created using a Box-Behnken design (BBD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) approach to conduct the transesterification of the esterified oil. Molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and reaction time were the four input variables chosen for the design of experiments. The optimized conditions for maximum biodiesel yield (87.7%) were found to be 14.88 molar ratio, 3.578% catalyst loading, 69.7 °C reaction temperature, and 81.9 min reaction time. The Diesel RK engine simulation tool which was experimentally validated for baseline diesel fuel was used for numerical simulation of mahua biodiesel. The performance, combustion, and emission behavior of mahua biodiesel analyzed using numerical simulation presented the sustainability of mahua biodiesel as an alternate fuel.

Conventional extraction methods have mislaid their best possible performance because of the slow extraction process using demand in inexperienced and innovative technologies. Concerning this view, several eco-friendly novel techniques alienate to develop by us for the entire extraction of nutrients and phytocompounds from plant sources. The specific organic, inorganic chemical compounds have been explored using ultra sonication and GC-MS assisted techniques. The results are evident to facilitate the ultrasonic and GC-MS supported extraction descent that is less solvent consumed, green analytical methods suitable for complete speedy bioactive compounds drawing out. This study has revealed the occurrence of nutrients, phytochemicals, with biological value, and also the GC-MS analysis exposed 20 peaks through 20 individual chemical compounds, and all the compounds are deliberated as energetic medicinal bioactive compounds. Likewise the FE-SEM is used to find out the topographical characteristics of biomaterial and the FTIR analysis.