化生性乳腺癌是一种罕见的,侵略性,和化疗耐药的乳腺癌亚型,占不到1%的浸润性乳腺癌,以腺癌与梭形细胞为特征,鳞状上皮,和/或间充质组织分化。大多数化生乳腺癌表现出三阴性乳腺癌的特征,并且预后不良,生存率较低。这种亚型通常在PI3K/AKT途径中显示基因改变,Wnt/β-catenin通路,和细胞周期失调,并证明上皮-间质转化,免疫反应的变化,TP53突变,EGFR扩增,等等。目前,化生性乳腺癌的最佳治疗仍不确定.本文对其临床特征进行了全面的综述,分子特征,侵袭和转移模式,和化生性乳腺癌的预后,以及治疗策略的最新进展。
Metaplastic breast cancer is a rare, aggressive, and chemotherapy-resistant subtype of breast cancers, accounting for less than 1% of invasive breast cancers, characterized by adenocarcinoma with spindle cells, squamous epithelium, and/or mesenchymal tissue differentiation. The majority of metaplastic breast cancers exhibit the characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer and have unfavorable prognoses with a lower survival rate. This subtype often displays gene alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and cell cycle dysregulation and demonstrates epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune response changes, TP53 mutation, EGFR amplification, and so on. Currently, the optimal treatment of metaplastic breast cancer remains uncertain. This article provides a comprehensive review on the clinical features, molecular characteristics, invasion and metastasis patterns, and prognosis of metaplastic breast cancer, as well as recent advancements in treatment strategies.