目的综述男性生殖道释放的细胞外囊泡(EVs)的作用及其对精子发育的影响。我们讨论精子是如何离开生精小管的,虽然发育成熟,需要进一步修改。获得各种功能,包括增加的运动性,通过精子和电动汽车之间的相互作用来介导货物的转移和进行顶体反应的能力。
对文献的回顾发现,电动汽车是从男性生殖道的不同部分释放的,尤其是附睾和前列腺.这些EV在射精之前从生精小管传递到附睾和输精管时与精子相互作用。
电动汽车是携带定制RNA的小的脂质结合颗粒,蛋白质和脂质货物。这些货物基于亲本细胞的状态被装载,并且用于与受体细胞通信。在精子中,这些货物是睾丸后修饰所必需的。
发育中的精子和EV之间的相互作用对于精子的后续功能很重要。射精前,这些相互作用为睾丸后修饰和精子发育提供了重要的变化。关于来自睾丸的EV与精原干细胞生态位或生精小管内发育中的精子之间的相互作用知之甚少。然而,EV在睾丸后精子修饰中的众多作用使许多人怀疑,它们也可能在睾丸内精子发育中发挥重要作用。
精子对于成功生育至关重要。为了做到这一点,它们必须能够游很远的距离,以满足女性生殖道中的卵子并使其受精。一旦从睾丸中释放出来,精子似乎完全发育,但事实并非如此。为了使它们游泳和使卵受精,需要进行一些重要的修改。这些修改是通过从包含消息和货物的其他细胞发送精子小包来进行的。我们讨论了这些小包装的释放以及男性生殖道的不同部分,以及它们如何改变精子的行为和功能。本文回顾了这些称为细胞外囊泡的包装的文献和已知功能,由男性生殖道释放并修饰精子,转变他们的功能,在他们射精之前.
To review the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from the male reproductive tract and their impact on developing sperm. We discuss how sperm exiting the seminiferous tubules, although developmentally mature, require further modification. Acquisition of various functions including increased motility, transfer of cargoes and ability to undertake the acrosome reaction is mediated through the interaction between sperm and EVs.
A review of the literature identified that EVs are released from different portions of the male reproductive tract, notably the epididymis and prostate. These EVs interact with sperm as they pass from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis and vas deferens prior to ejaculation.
EVs are small lipid-bound particles carrying bespoke RNA, protein and lipid cargoes. These cargoes are loaded based on the state of the parent cell and are used to communicate with recipient cells. In sperm, these cargoes are essential for post-testicular modification.
Interactions between developing sperm and EVs are important for the subsequent function of sperm. Prior to ejaculation, these interactions confer important changes for the post-testicular modification and development of sperm. Little is known about the interaction between EVs from the testes and the spermatogonial stem cell niche or developing sperm within the seminiferous tubules. However, the numerous roles of EVs in the post-testicular modification of sperm have led many to suspect that they may also play important roles in developing sperm within the testes.
Sperm are crucial for successful fertility. In order to do this, they must be able to swim a large distance to meet the egg in the female reproductive tract and fertilise it. Once released from the testes, sperm may appear to be fully developed, but this is not the case. Several important modifications are required in order for them to swim and fertilise an egg. These modifications are carried out by sending sperm small packages from other cells which contain messages and cargo. We discuss the release of these small packages along with different parts of the male reproductive tract and how they change the way sperm behave and function. This article reviews the literature and known functions of these packages called extracellular vesicles, which are released by the male reproductive tract and modify sperm, transforming their function, before they are ejaculated.