Brown tumors, resulting from elevated osteoclast activity, are uncommon skeletal symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. Because of their similar characteristics, it is challenging to differentiate these tumors from multiple myeloma or osteolytic metastases. A 24-year-old female with a painful lump in her left thigh and arm in the past 10 months. The patient reported a history of left femoral bone fracture over a year ago due to low-impact trauma. Plain radiograph images and chest MSCT showed osteolytic lesions at the skull, ribs, and extremities, followed by increased Tc99 bone scan image uptake. Thyroid ultrasound and cervical MSCT showed parathyroid mass. Biochemical and pathologic examination supported the diagnosis of brown tumor. A multidisciplinary approach, including clinical evaluation, biochemical assessment, pathological examination, and advanced imaging modalities such as CT scan, MRI, and bone scintigraphy, is necessary for the differential diagnosis of brown tumors from bone metastasis. Medical history, PTH, calcium levels in the blood, and additional systemic symptoms can all be used to help distinguish between the 2 disorders. The clinical presentation and imaging findings of brown tumors may mimic bone metastasis, necessitating comprehensive evaluation. Multidisciplinary collaboration plays a vital role in reaching an accurate diagnosis. Increased awareness of brown tumors as a potential mimic of bone metastasis may help prevent misdiagnosis and ensure optimal care for patients presenting with osteolytic bone lesions associated with hyperparathyroidism.

Objective:To explore the safety and efficacy of airless endoscopic surgery in the treatment of parathyroid diseases. Methods:By retrospective comparison, clinical treatment of 26 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of the Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from January 2018 to January 2023 were collected. They were divided into traditional group（13 cases） and endoscopic group（13 cases） according to the surgical method. The traditional group underwent traditional open parathyroid surgery, and the endoscopic group underwent airless endoscopic surgery through the subclavian approach. The efficacy, postoperative incision pain, incidence of adverse events, and aesthetic effects of the two groups were evaluated. Results:A total of 26 patients were included, including 13 patients in the traditional group and 13 patients in the endoscopic group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypocalcemia and transient hypoparathyroidism on the first day after surgery between the two groups（P>0.05）. No patients with incision pain（>3 points） or swallowing pain were found in both groups after the operation, and they were afraid or unwilling to cough and expel phlegm. There were no significant differences in the amount of blood loss, duration of operation, incidence of temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and transient hypocalcemia, and postoperative pain score between the two groups. The endoscopic group\'s scar evaluation score and aesthetic effect satisfaction score at 6 months after surgery were higher than those of the traditional group（P<0.01）. Conclusion:Airless Endoscopic parathyroid surgery via the subclavian approach has good effectiveness and safety, which did not significantly increase the risk of surgery. It can safely remove the lesion and leave no surgical scar on the anterior neck, which has the advantage of a good cosmetic effect. It is a safe and feasible endoscopic parathyroid surgery and can be used as a new choice for patients undergoing parathyroid surgery.
目的：探索免注气胸前入路腔镜手术在甲状旁腺疾病中的安全性及有效性。 方法：采用回顾性同期对照的方法，收集2018年1月-2023年1月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院行手术治疗的26例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者，根据手术方式将26例患者分为开放组（13例）和腔镜组（13例），开放组患者行传统的颈前切口甲状旁腺手术方式，腔镜组患者行胸前入路免注气腔镜手术方式，比较2组患者的手术疗效、术后切口疼痛、不良事件发生率以及美容效果等指标。 结果：2组的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及手术效率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。同样，2组患者在手术过程中出现的暂时性喉返神经麻痹、暂时性低钙血症发生率及术后疼痛评分差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在术后6个月的瘢痕评估中，腔镜组的评分（1.7±0.5）显著低于开放组（3.9±0.9），差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。此外，腔镜组的美容效果满意度评分（1.79±0.70）也明显优于开放组（3.15±0.80），差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结果提示，尽管在手术过程及术后早期恢复方面2组差异不大，但腔镜手术在术后瘢痕及美容效果上有明显优势。 结论：免注气胸前入路腔镜甲状旁腺手术具有较好的有效性及安全性，未显著增加手术风险，在安全切除病灶的同时，颈前不遗留手术瘢痕，具有美容效果好的优势，作为一种安全可行的内镜下甲状旁腺手术，它为甲状旁腺手术患者提供了一个新的、理想的选择。.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential benefit of adding a low frequency vascular probe to the conventional pre-operative ultrasound examination of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
METHODS: A prospective cohort of 136 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent a conventional ultrasound examination of the neck with a high frequency ( > 10 MHz) linear ultrasound probe, followed by an add-on examination with a low frequency vascular probe. For each ultrasound probe, and for every potential parathyroid lesion, the presence of a feeding vessel, a polar placement of the feeding vessel, and the presence of a vascular arch was recorded.
RESULTS: A total of 146 ultrasound lesions were evaluated for vascularity by each probe. For both ultrasound probes, the odds of a hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland being correctly identified increased with the number of visible vascular features. The vascular probe identified a significantly higher number of vascular features among ultrasound true positive glands compared with the conventional probe (p < 0.0001). Among histopathologically verified pathological parathyroid glands, the vascular probe identified 20% more feeding vessels, 27% more polar placements of the feeding vessel, and 65% more vascular arches than the high frequency probe. However, the diagnostic confidence score for true positive glands did not differ significantly between the probes (p = 0.11).
CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a low frequency vascular probe increases the number of visible vascular features in hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands, which facilitates their preoperative detection. Whether or not this can increase the diagnostic confidence of ultrasound examiners has yet to be substantiated.

This case report describes a 52-year-old patient presenting with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis and renal stones. Further investigation revealed hypocalcemia and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, leading to diagnosis of a parathyroid adenoma. This case highlights the importance of considering primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with recurrent pancreatitis and renal stones, as early diagnosis and surgical intervention can prevent recurrence and reduce morbidity.
UNASSIGNED: Primary Hyperparathyroidism secondary to Parathyroid adenoma, rarely presents as acute pancreatitis. A 38-year-young male with a history of recurrent renal stones referred from a local center, presented to the emergency services, with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and bilateral renal stones. Laboratory evaluation showed an elevated calcium level, elevated PTH levels, low vitamin D, and low phosphorus levels. CT scan done outside was suggestive of acute pancreatitis along with bilateral renal calculi. USG neck and MIBI scan done as a part of hypercalcemia evaluation showed presence of a right parathyroid adenoma. Parathyroid adenoma was later removed, and calcium and parathyroid levels were normal on subsequent follow ups.

UNASSIGNED: Ultrasound (US) is the most economical and widely used method for detecting lesions in parathyroid regions. Identifying typically parathyroid adenomas as hypoechoic nodules with clear margins. However, 10 % of lesions exhibit atypical features, such as the dual concentric sign, and the cognition of them still needs to be improved.
UNASSIGNED: To promote understanding of clinical and histopathological features for parathyroid lesions with the dual concentric echo sign and to investigate its pathogenesis and methods for distinguishing from cervical lymph nodes to improve US diagnostic accuracy.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospectively, patients were categorized into three groups: Group 1, with 36 patients showing parathyroid lesions with dual concentric echo signs; Group 2, with 40 patients displaying classic hypoechoic parathyroid lesions; and Group 3, comprising 36 patients with identified lymph nodes, which were all examined from January 2018 to December 2019. The clinical data on demographics, clinical symptoms, serum levels, histopathologic findings, and US image characteristics were thoroughly reviewed.
UNASSIGNED: According to the clinical data, no significant differences in demographics or lesion sizes were observed in Group 1 and Group 2 (p > 0.05). No significant variances were noted in biochemical markers, including PTH, T-25OHD, and ALP. However, a notable difference was identified in adjusted serum calcium levels, which were significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p < 0.05). Additionally, the proportion of asymptomatic patients was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p < 0.05). Pathological examination revealed that all lesions with dual concentric echo signs were parathyroid adenomas. The isoechoic central region predominantly corresponded to areas of loose edema, while the hypoechoic peripheral layer was primarily associated with chief and/or oncocytic cells. By comparing the ultrasonography of Groups 1 and 3, the parathyroid lesions with dual concentric echo signs exhibited significant distinctions from lymph nodes in size, blood flow classification, vascular distribution, and anatomical location (p < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The parathyroid lesions with dual concentric echo signs in US corresponded to specific histopathological manifestations and relatively mild clinical features in the patients, this finding may increase the likelihood of incidental detection of parathyroid lesions by US. Attention to the details of size, location, and blood flow, especially, may aid US physicians in differentiating parathyroid adenomas from cervical lymph nodes.

UNASSIGNED: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the third most common endocrine disease. With parathyroidectomy, a cure rate of over 95% at initial surgery is reported. Localization of the abnormal parathyroid gland is critical for the operation to be successful. The aim of this study is to analyze data of patients with single gland disease (SGD) and positive concordant localization imaging undergoing minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) and intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IOPTH) to evaluate if IOPTH is still justified in patients with localized SGD.
UNASSIGNED: A retrospective database analysis of all minimally invasive operations with IOPTH for PHPT and positive concordant localization in ultrasound (US) and 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy (MIBI) between 2016-2021. When both US and MIBI were negative, patients underwent either choline or methionine PET-CT. The patients were also analyzed a second time without applying IOPTH.
UNASSIGNED: In total, 198 patients were included in the study. The sensitivity of US, MIBI and PET-CT was 96%, 94% and 100%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 88%, 89% and 94% with US, MIBI and PET-CT, respectively. IOPTH was true positive in 185 (93.4%) patients. In 13 (6.6%) patients, no adequate IOPTH decline was observed after localizing and extirpating the assumed enlarged parathyroid gland. Without IOPTH, the cure rate decreased from 195 (98.5%) to 182 (92%) patients and the rate of persisting disease increased from 2 (1.0%) to 15 (7.5%) patients.
UNASSIGNED: Discontinuing IOPTH significantly increases the persistence rate by a factor of 7.5 in patients with concordantly localized adenoma. Therefore, IOPTH appears to remain necessary even for this group of patients.

Two patients aged 82 and 77, with a fractured neck of the femur, were found to have primary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Post-surgery, both developed pulmonary embolism (PE), highlighting a possible link between hypercalcemia and increased hypercoagulation risk. There have been few case reports suggesting the association between hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism and the increase in tendency of hypercoagulation and subsequent risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). This case series offers insights into how ionized calcium influences thrombin formation, platelet activation and aggregation, and activation of clotting factors such as factor VII and factor X, raising questions about the role of chronic hypercalcemia in VTE. Further research is needed to 1) establish whether chronic hypercalcemia in the absence of fracture can modulate the risk of hypercoagulation; 2) determine whether chronic hypercalcemia in individuals with bone fracture may represent a significantly higher hypercoagulability risk during the postoperative periods.

BACKGROUND: The curative treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PPH) is surgical and today it can be performed by minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and also be radioguided (RG) if a radiopharmaceutical with affinity for the parathyroid tissue that can be detected with gamma-detector probes or with a portable gamma camera (PGC) is injected.
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to assess whether intraoperative scintigraphy (GGio) with PGC can replace intraoperative pathological anatomy (APio) to determine if the removed specimen is an abnormal parathyroid.
METHODS: 92 patients underwent CMI RG--HPP with PGC after the administration of a dose of 99 mTc-MIBI. The information provided by the PGC in the analysis of the excised specimens is qualitatively compared (capture yes/no) with the result of the intraoperative pathological anatomy (APio). The Gold standard is the definitive histology.
RESULTS: 120 excised pieces are evaluated with GGio and APio. There were 110 agreements (95TP and 15TN) and 10 disagreements (3FP and 7FN). Of the 120 lesions, 102 were parathyroid and 18 were non-parathyroid. There was good agreement between intraoperative scintigraphy imaging (GGio) and PA, 70.1% according to Cohen\'s Kappa index. The GGio presented the following values ​​of Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value, Positive Likelihood Ratio, Negative Likelihood Ratio and Overall Value of the Test (93.1%, 83.3%, 96.9%, 68.2%, 5.59, 0.08 and 0.92 respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: GGio is a rapid and effective surgical aid technique to confirm/rule out the possible parathyroid nature of the lesions removed in PPH surgery, but it cannot replace histological study.

BACKGROUND: Performing MIRP procedure with a 20-fold less MIBI isotope dose allows lower radiation exposure risk for both patient and staff and reduce the overall cost of the procedure. The main goal of this systemic review and meta-analysis is to prove the non-inferiority of the very low dose MIRP compared to the standard dose.
METHODS: We performed a systemic review and meta-analysis of three different electronic databases - PubMed, Web of Science and google scholar. Meta-extraction was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.
RESULTS: Among 4750 studies imported for screening, only 13 studies were selected for the meta-analysis. Analyzed data from the 13 selected studies performed with low dose MIRP demonstrated a detection rate greater than 97 ​% and a success rate greater than 95 ​%, which is comparable to the cure rate required by current guidelines, as well as to data published by studies using the original high dose protocol.
CONCLUSIONS: Very low dose MIRP is not inferior to the high dose original MIRP and may be used in separate day protocol routinely.

Differential diagnosis of atypical parathyroid tumors (APT) and parathyroid carcinomas (PC) is important in determining further management and prognosis. Morphologic diagnosis is sometimes difficult, in which case it is supplemented by immunohistochemical (IHC) examination.
OBJECTIVE: Studying the role of IHC analysis in the differential diagnosis of APT and PC.
METHODS: The study included 44 patients with morphologic diagnosis of the APT established after surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism on the basis of Endocrinology Research Centre during 2018-2023. All cases underwent IHC examination with evaluation of CD31/CD34 and parathormone (PTH) expression for identification of vascular invasion, Ki-67, parafibromin.
RESULTS: According to the results of IHC analysis in 8/44 patients (18.2%) the diagnosis of APT was revised in favor of the PC: in 7 of them vascular invasion was detected; in 1 patient the additional series of slices in the surrounding fatty tissue revealed foci of tumor growth, confirmed by positive reaction with antibodies to PTH. According to IHC results, the material was divided into 2 groups: APT and PC. There were no differences in clinical and morphological characteristics, Ki-67% level and parafibromin expression between the groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of clinical and laboratory-instrumental data at the preoperative stage does not allow differentiating APT from PC. In case of APT diagnosis and detection of suspicious morphological features, it is necessary to perform IHC examination to exclude PC.
Дифференциальная диагностика атипических опухолей (АО) и карцином околощитовидных желез (ОЩЖ) имеет важное значение в определении дальнейшей тактики ведения и прогноза. Морфологическая диагностика в некоторых случаях вызывает сложности, в этом случае дополняется иммуногистохимическим (ИГХ) исследованием.
UNASSIGNED: Оценить вклад ИГХ-исследования в дифференциальную диагностику АО и карцином ОЩЖ.
UNASSIGNED: В исследование включено 44 пациента с морфологическим диагнозом АО ОЩЖ, установленным после хирургического лечения по поводу первичного гиперпаратиреоза на базе ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России за 2018—2023 гг. Во всех случаях было проведено ИГХ-исследование с оценкой экспрессии CD31/CD34 и паратгормона (ПТГ) для идентификации сосудистой инвазии; Ki-67, парафибромина.
UNASSIGNED: По результатам ИГХ-анализа у 8 (18,2%) из 44 пациентов диагноз АО был пересмотрен в сторону карциномы ОЩЖ: у 7 из них выявлена сосудистая инвазия, у 1 пациента при проведении дополнительной серии срезов в окружающей жировой клетчатке диагностированы очаги опухолевого роста, подтвержденные положительной реакцией с антителами к ПТГ. В соответствии с результатами ИГХ-материал был разделен на 2 группы: АО и карцинома ОЩЖ. Различий по клинико-морфологическим характеристикам, уровню Ki-67% и экспрессии парафибромина между группами не выявлено.
UNASSIGNED: Оценка клинических и лабораторно-инструментальных данных на дооперационном этапе не позволяет дифференцировать АО и карциномы. В случае диагностики АО и выявления подозрительных морфологических признаков необходимо ИГХ-исследование для исключения карциномы ОЩЖ.