喘息,哮喘,和呼吸道感染(RTI)是儿童发病的最常见原因之一,通过特定的预防策略可以大大减少其经济和社会负担。流行病学研究表明,某些营养素水平较低与这些疾病的患病率较高有关,但是早期补充这些营养素可能的保护作用尚未确定。我们的审查的目的是综合现有的科学证据补充前和益生菌的作用,维生素D,鱼类和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),维生素A,C,E,在生命的第一年,在预防喘息方面,哮喘和RTI。我们搜索了2000年1月至2021年9月在PubMed数据库中发表的关于该主题的研究。至于前和益生菌,大多数研究表明,早期补充对哮喘和喘息的发展没有保护作用,而关于它们在减少RTI中的作用的报道结果相互矛盾。至于维生素D,现有数据表明,在婴儿期早期和定期(每天或每周)补充维生素D可能在预防RTI中发挥作用,而大多数研究表明,在预防喘息或哮喘方面没有效果。最后,在大多数研究中,在饮食中早期引入鱼类已证明对喘息和哮喘的发展具有保护作用。
Wheezing, asthma, and respiratory infections (RTI) are among the most common causes of morbidity in children and their economic and social burden could be significantly reduced by specific prevention strategies. Epidemiological studies suggest that lower levels of some nutrients are associated with higher prevalence of these conditions, but the possible protective effect of early supplementation with these nutrients has not yet been established. Aim of our review is to synthetize the available scientific evidence on the role of supplementation with pre- and probiotics, vitamin D, fish and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), vitamin A, C, and E, given during the first year of life, in the prevention of wheezing, asthma and RTI. We searched studies published on this topic in the PubMed database between January 2000 and September 2021. As for pre- and probiotics, most of the studies showed that an early supplementation had no protective effect toward the development of asthma and wheezing, while conflicting results were reported on their role in the reduction of RTI. As for vitamin D, the available data suggest that early and regular (on a daily or weekly base) supplementation of vitamin D during infancy could have a role in the prevention of RTI, while most studies showed no effect in the prevention of wheezing or asthma. Finally, early introduction of fish in the diet in most studies has proved protective toward wheezing and asthma development.