The genetic diversity analysis of six dog breeds, including Ca de Bestiar (CB), Ca de Bou (CBOU), Podenco Ibicenco (PI), Ca Rater (CR), Ca Mè (CM), and Ca de Conills (CC), reveals insightful findings. CB showcases the highest mean number of alleles (6.17) and heterozygosity values, with significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) observed in five markers, indicating high intra-racial genetic diversity (average observed heterozygosity (Ho) = 0.754, expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.761). In contrast, CBOU presents the lowest mean number of alleles (5.05) and heterozygosity values, coupled with moderate polymorphic information content (PIC) values and a moderate level of intra-racial genetic diversity (average Ho = 0.313, He = 0.394). PI demonstrates moderate genetic diversity with an average of 5.75 alleles and highly informative PIC values, while CR displays robust genetic diversity with an average of 6.61 alleles and deviations from equilibrium, indicating potential risks of inbreeding (average Ho = 0.563, He = 0.658). CM exhibits moderate genetic diversity and deviations from equilibrium, similar to CBOU, with an average of 6.5 alleles and moderate PIC values (average Ho = 0.598, He = 0.676). Conversely, CC shows a wider range of allelic diversity and deviations from equilibrium (average Ho = 0.611, He = 0.706), suggesting a more diverse genetic background. Inter-racial analysis underscores distinct genetic differentiation between breeds, emphasizing the importance of informed breeding decisions and proactive genetic management strategies to preserve diversity, promote breed health, and ensure long-term sustainability across all breeds studied.

Studies on genetic diversity could enhance taxonomic authentication and evolutionary relationship among the species of Ocimum. Therefore, diversity among 36 Ocimum accessions representing species from different regions of world were analyzed using Start Codon-Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and inter-simple sequences repeat (ISSR) marker. Marker systems used in this study was potentially targeted the different regions of the genome and included 18 SCoT and 15 ISSR primers, which showed successful amplification profile for Ocimum. Between these two, SCoT revealed the highest mean value of percentage of Polymorphism (84.6%), polymorphic information content (PIC, 0.65), and resolving power (Rp, 8.80), which were higher than ISSR. A total of 140 and 111 amplicons were obtained with SCoT and ISSR marker. The Mantel test indicted a significant correlation (r2 = 0.44) between ISSR and SCoT, which suggested a common genetical background among the accessions. The principal coordinate study showed the selection of different Ocimum genotypes by the cluster analysis. This study will help and support identification, genetic mapping, and molecular ecology to enhance the breeding program\'s efficiency for developing elite varieties to meet industrial demand globally. The present study is the first report of the genetic diversity, and relationship determination with SCoT-based molecular marker among Ocimum accessions.

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) shows high levels of variation in fruit color, fruit stripe pattern, seed coat color, and size. Thirty-eight accessions of C. colocynthis plants from different parts of semi-arid Rajasthan were collected and genetic diversity was assessed using random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Out of 65 RAPD decamer primers, 50 primers produced 549 scorable bands of which 318 were polymorphic. Polymorphic banding patterns with the number of amplified fragments varied from 5 (OPA-08 and OPF-9) to 19 (OPT-20) in the molecular size range of 150-6000 bp. Percent polymorphism ranged from 22.2% (OPA-09) to 83.3% (OPE-12) with 55.14% polymorphism. Out of the 20 ISSR primers screened, 13 primers produced 166 amplification products, of which 99 were polymorphic. The number of bands amplified per primer varied between 9 (UBC-807, 802) and 16 (UBC-803, 812) with average band size between 250 and 4000 bp. Percent polymorphism ranged from 45.4% (UBC-815) to 73.3% (UBC-814) with 65.05% polymorphism. Dendrogram constructed on the basis of RAPD + ISSR polymorphism separated the accessions into four distinct clusters at 72% variation with Jaccard\'s similarity coefficient ranging from minimum 0.64 to 0.95. The matrices for RAPD and ISSR were also compared using Mantel\'s test and obtained correlation value (r = 0.7947). Discriminating power of RAPD and ISSR markers was assessed by calculating polymorphic information content, multiplex ratio, marker index, and resolving power. Approx. 50% RAPD and ISSR markers showed PIC value and heterozygosity (H) ≥ 0.50, indicating marker as informative. The primers that showed higher polymorphism had higher RP, MR, and MI values.

Development of highly informative markers such as simple sequence repeats (SSR) for cultivar identification and germplasm characterization and management is essential for date palms genetic studies. The present study documents the development of SSR markers and assesses genetic relationships of commonly grown date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars in different geographical regions of Saudi Arabia. A total of 93 novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were screened for their ability to detect polymorphism in date palm. Around 71% of genomic SSRs are dinucleotide, 25% trinucleotide, 3% tetranucleotide, and 1% pentanucleotide motives and show 100% polymorphism. The Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis illustrates that cultivars trend to group according to their class of maturity, region of cultivation, and fruit color. Analysis of molecular variations (AMOVA) reveals genetic variation among and within cultivars of 27% and 73%, respectively, according to the geographical distribution of the cultivars. Developed microsatellite markers are of additional value to date palm characterization, tools which can be used by researchers in population genetics, cultivar identification, as well as genetic resource exploration and management. The cultivars tested exhibited a significant amount of genetic diversity and could be suitable for successful breeding programs. Genomic sequences generated from this study are available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Sequence Read Archive (Accession numbers. LIBGSS_039019).