野生传粉者是确保植物繁殖所必需的,不仅在农田中,而且在剩余和恢复的生态系统中。恢复活动应该,因此,导致野生传粉媒介的恢复,并因此进行监测以评估对传粉媒介多样性和功能的影响。我们通过创建功能组(特征:体型,嵌套位置,社会性,和觅食策略),将它们的丰度和多样性与其他栖息地的丰度和多样性进行比较(即,保存和退化的原始森林碎片,人为湿地,和甘蔗田),并测试源栖息地的影响(即,原始森林碎片)隔离。我们通过识别附着在蜜蜂身体上的花粉粒来分析对花粉运输的功能影响;创建具有已识别物种的植物功能组(特征:习性,演替班,地理起源,和授粉模式);比较它们的频率,多样性,和栖息地之间的交互网络结构;并在网络模块中搜索关键交互。总的来说,恢复种植中蜜蜂群落的丰度和多样性以及相互作用植物物种的频率和多样性低于原始森林碎片,但高于人为湿地和甘蔗田,表明恢复种植比其他受干扰的栖息地更好地增强蜜蜂群落的恢复和功能。相互作用的蜜蜂和植物也受到栖息地隔离的负面影响,证明原始森林碎片向恢复的地点供应蜜蜂种群的重要性。相互作用网络的结构受生境变化和隔离的影响很小,但是官能团的组成和多样性差异很大。对更大的蜂种有更多的影响,它们的筑巢和花卉需求更受限制,以及它们最频繁相互作用的木本物种。我们确定了蜜蜂传粉者的关键功能群,这些功能群值得优先保护,因为它们在剩余森林和恢复种植中一些最相关物种的花粉运输中起着重要作用,并且对栖息地干扰的反应也更加消极。恢复工作应包括提供筑巢资源以及管理和保护代表原始栖息地的原始森林残余碎片。
Wild pollinators are necessary for ensuring plant reproduction, not only among crop fields but also remnant and restored ecosystems. Restoration activities should, therefore, lead to wild pollinator recovery, and thus be monitored to evaluate effects on pollinator diversity and functionality. We assessed bee pollinator functional responses in restoration plantings by creating functional groups (traits: body size, nesting location, sociality, and foraging strategy), comparing their abundance and diversity to that of other habitats (i.e., conserved and degraded primary forest fragments, anthropogenic wetlands, and sugarcane fields), and testing for an effect of source habitat (i.e., primary forest fragments) isolation. We analyzed functional effects on pollen transportation by identifying the pollen grains attached on the bodies of bees; creating plant functional groups with the identified species (traits: habit, successional class, geographic origin, and pollination mode); comparing their frequency, diversity, and interaction network structure among habitats; and searching for key interactions in network modules. In general, the abundance and diversity of bee communities and the frequency and diversity of the interacting plant species in restoration plantings were lower than those in primary forest fragments but higher than those in anthropogenic wetlands and sugarcane fields, suggesting that restoration plantings better enhance bee community recovery and functionality than other disturbed habitats. The interacting bees and plants were also negatively affected by habitat isolation, demonstrating the importance of primary forest fragments to supply bee populations to restored sites. The structure of interaction networks was little affected by habitat change and isolation, but the composition and diversity of functional groups varied significantly. There were more effects on larger bee species with more restricted nesting and floral requirements, and the woody species with which they interact most frequently. We identified key functional groups of bee pollinators that deserve priority for conservation because they play an important role in the pollen transportation of some the most relevant species in remnant forests and restoration plantings and also respond more negatively to habitat disturbances. Restoration efforts should include provisioning of nesting resources and management and conservation of primary forest remnant fragments that represent source habitats for them.