PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Insects provide key pollination services in most terrestrial biomes, but this service depends on a multistep interaction between insect and plant. An insect needs to visit a flower, receive pollen from the anthers, move to another conspecific flower, and finally deposit the pollen on a receptive stigma. Each of these steps may be affected by climate change, and focusing on only one of them (e.g., flower visitation) may miss important signals of change in service provision. In this study, we combine data on visitation, pollen transport, and single-visit pollen deposition to estimate functional outcomes in the high Arctic plant-pollinator network of Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland, a model system for global warming-associated impacts in pollination services. Over two decades of rapid climate warming, we sampled the network repeatedly: in 1996, 1997, 2010, 2011, and 2016. Although the flowering plant and insect communities and their interactions varied substantially between years, as expected based on highly variable Arctic weather, there was no detectable directional change in either the structure of flower-visitor networks or estimated pollen deposition. For flower-visitor networks compiled over a single week, species phenologies caused major within-year variation in network structure despite consistency across years. Weekly networks for the middle of the flowering season emerged as especially important because most pollination service can be expected to be provided by these large, highly nested networks. Our findings suggest that pollination ecosystem service in the high Arctic is remarkably resilient. This resilience may reflect the plasticity of Arctic biota as an adaptation to extreme and unpredictable weather. However, most pollination service was contributed by relatively few fly taxa (Diptera: Spilogona sanctipauli and Drymeia segnis [Muscidae] and species of Rhamphomyia [Empididae]). If these key pollinators are negatively affected by climate change, network structure and the pollination service that depends on it would be seriously compromised.
摘要：
昆虫在大多数陆地生物群落中提供关键的授粉服务，但是这项服务依赖于昆虫和植物之间的多步骤相互作用。昆虫需要参观一朵花，从花药接收花粉，移动到另一个特定的花，最后将花粉沉积在接受柱头上。这些步骤中的每一个都可能受到气候变化的影响，并且只关注其中一个(例如，鲜花参观)可能会错过服务提供变化的重要信号。在这项研究中,我们结合访问数据，花粉运输,和单次访问花粉沉积，以估计Zackenberg高北极植物传粉者网络中的功能结果，格陵兰东北部,授粉服务中全球变暖相关影响的模型系统。超过二十年的快速气候变暖，我们在1996年、1997年、2010年、2011年和2016年对网络进行了反复采样。尽管开花植物和昆虫群落及其相互作用在不同年份之间变化很大，正如基于高度可变的北极天气所预期的那样，花卉访客网络结构或估计的花粉沉积均未发生可检测到的方向变化。对于一周内编制的花卉访问者网络，尽管多年来具有一致性，但物种物候在网络结构中引起了主要的年内变化。开花季节中期的每周网络显得尤为重要，因为大多数授粉服务都可以由这些大型的授粉服务提供。高度嵌套的网络。我们的发现表明，北极高地的授粉生态系统服务具有显着的弹性。这种恢复力可能反映了北极生物群的可塑性，可以适应极端和不可预测的天气。然而,大多数授粉服务是由相对较少的蝇类群提供的（双翅目：Spilogonasanctipauli和Drymeiasegnis[Muscidae]和Rhumspomia[Empididae]物种）。如果这些关键传粉者受到气候变化的负面影响，网络结构和依赖它的授粉服务将受到严重损害。
