在过去的几十年里,农业的集约化导致农药的使用增加,这导致了农业景观中非目标生态系统的广泛污染。因此,居住在这些系统中的植物和节肢动物长期暴露于,至少,通过直接农药漂移降低农药水平,但也通过其营养来源(例如土壤水或宿主/猎物组织)的污染。农药(除草剂,杀螨剂/杀虫剂和杀真菌剂)是用于控制害虫的化学物质,比如杂草,植食性节肢动物和病原微生物。这些分子被设计为干扰特定的生理机制并诱导目标生物体的死亡。然而,在亚致死性暴露下,农药也影响生物过程,包括新陈代谢,发展,即使在不具有农药分子靶标的生物体中也是如此。尽管目前对农药对生物体的亚致死效应有广泛的了解,它们对营养相互作用的不利影响研究较少,特别是在陆地营养网络中。在这次审查中,我们提供了效果的概述,目标和非目标,亚致死性农药暴露对植物之间营养相互作用所涉及的性状的影响,植食性昆虫和它们的天敌。我们还通过分析调查植物-植物-天敌营养网络对农药的反应的研究,讨论了这些影响如何影响生态系统功能。最后,我们强调了当前在理解农药对非目标陆地生态系统营养相互作用和网络的影响方面的挑战和研究前景。
Over the last decades, the intensification of agriculture has resulted in an increasing use of pesticides, which has led to widespread contamination of non-target ecosystems in agricultural landscapes. Plants and arthropods inhabiting these systems are therefore chronically exposed to, at least, low levels of pesticides through direct pesticide drift, but also through the contamination of their nutrient sources (e.g. soil water or host/prey tissues). Pesticides (herbicides, acaricides/insecticides and fungicides) are chemical substances used to control pests, such as weeds, phytophagous arthropods and pathogenic microorganisms. These molecules are designed to disturb specific physiological mechanisms and induce mortality in targeted organisms. However, under sublethal exposure, pesticides also affect biological processes including metabolism, development, reproduction or inter-specific interactions even in organisms that do not possess the molecular target of the pesticide. Despite the broad current knowledge on sublethal effects of pesticides on organisms, their adverse effects on trophic interactions are less investigated, especially within terrestrial trophic networks. In this review, we provide an overview of the effects, both target and non-target, of sublethal exposures to pesticides on traits involved in trophic interactions between plants, phytophagous insects and their natural enemies. We also discuss how these effects may impact ecosystem functioning by analyzing studies investigating the responses of Plant-Phytophage-Natural enemy trophic networks to pesticides. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and research prospects in the understanding of the effects of pesticides on trophic interactions and networks in non-target terrestrial ecosystems.