Clinical research faces complex and unpredictable budgetary challenges, despite its central role in the development of healthcare products. This retrospective study examines the estimated and actual costs of 13 trials managed by the Clinical Trials Coordinating Pharmacy at the University Hospital of Toulouse. It aims to assess the accuracy of estimates, identify trial-influencing events and identify budget adjustment variables. The results show that only two of the 13 studies stay within their initial estimates, with most exceeding their projected margins. Costs vary by area, with shipping and packaging in particular exceeding the initial budget, while distribution costs are more accurately estimated. Several factors influence costs, including study duration, centre locations, number of enrolments, product stability and protocol amendments. Extending the study duration leads to increased costs in all areas, while reducing the number of inclusions tends to be in line with the original budget. In conclusion, budget management in clinical trials is complex due to numerous influencing variables. Careful planning and consideration of the specifics of each trial are crucial for more accurate estimates and budget adherence. This study enhances the understanding of the financial challenges faced by institutional sponsors of clinical trials and contributes to the refinement of budgeting methods for future clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Vagal neurostimulation (VNS) medical devices (MDs) are used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy. Using a magnet, the patient can activate on the stimulations in order to stop a seizure or interrupt the adverse effects (AEs) of the device. The objective is to evaluate the improvement of the patients\' knowledge about the VNS following a pharmaceutical educational interview (PEI) as well as their satisfaction.
METHODS: The pharmaceutical educational interview regarding drugs and DMs was performed by the clinical pharmacist at the patient\'s bed after VNS implantation. A questionnaire about VNS devices (operation, adverse effects, recommendations) and assessing knowledge was submitted to patients before and after the PEI. Satisfaction was assessed by the Likert scale.
RESULTS: From March 2020 to August 2021, 18 implanted patients were included in the study. In 78% of cases (14/18), the total number of good responses after PEI increased. The mean good response was significantly increased from 16.11/25 (64%) before PEI to 22.33/25 (89%) after PEI (P-value<0.01). The maximum satisfaction score (4/4) was given in 71% of the items.
CONCLUSIONS: The results support the relevance of PEI. Patients feel a need for information and consider the interview useful. An improvement in knowledge was observed, which allows us to hope for an optimization of the effectiveness of the device, in particular, a reduction in seizures and AE. This study shows the feasibility and the interest of the development of clinical pharmacy applied to medical devices in complementarity with the expertise on drugs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge and management of preoperative smoking patients by different health professionals.
METHODS: We conducted a survey among surgeons, anesthesiologists, and pharmacists using questionnaires. The study included 115 pharmacists and 7 physicians.
RESULTS: Only 28% of pharmacists felt they had the necessary knowledge about smoking cessation before surgery and its consequences. Moreover, pharmacists were informed of the surgery less than one month before in 61% of cases, whereas physicians claimed to inform patients at least 3 months before in 57% of cases. The main reasons mentioned by the pharmacist for not informing the patient about presurgical smoking cessation were a lack of knowledge of the information to be relayed and a late knowledge of the scheduling of a surgery. Additionally, 57% of physicians stated that they never prescribed nicotine replacement products, while 42% of pharmacists felt that they never dispensed them.
CONCLUSIONS: The study provides a clear picture of the smoking pathway before surgery and highlights areas for improvement in the management of preoperative smoking patients by different health professionals.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes is a major public health problem in Canada and requires multifactorial, consistent clinical management. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased challenges in the management of many chronic ailments, including diabetes. Diabetes was associated with a higher risk of severe illness in the context of COVID-19. Pandemic restrictions also impacted diabetes care continuity, which may have contributed to an increased risk of diabetes-related complications and mortality.
METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of prescription patterns of antihyperglycemic medications claimed by individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using the IQVIA Canada Longitudinal Prescription Claims database. The study period was from March 1, 2018, to February 28, 2021. The study outcomes are described on a monthly, quarterly, and yearly basis and overall, and by medication, medication class, and insurance coverage type. \"New-to-molecule\" patients were defined as those claiming a medication during the analysis period that they had no history of claiming in the database. Adults with at least 1 year of prescription history available and claiming their first prescription for an antihyperglycemic drug during the analysis period were classified as newly diagnosed with T2D.
RESULTS: A similar number of people had at least 1 non-insulin antihyperglycemic prescription during the baseline, prepandemic, and pandemic periods in Canada (1,778,155, 1,822,403, and 1,797,272, respectively). However, the number of people initiating newer antihyperglycemic medications decreased at the beginning of the pandemic, in contrast to older medications, which remained consistent across the pandemic period. The number of people diagnosed with T2D decreased in the early months of the pandemic but recovered by October 2020.
CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 epidemic in Canada impacted clinical care for at-risk Canadians, with fewer being prescribed newer antihyperglycemic drugs and a reduction in the number of diagnoses of T2D.

BACKGROUND: Pharmaceutical permanence (PP), outside the working hours of an in-house pharmacy (PUI), allows to guarantee the continuity of care in health-care institutions. A retrospective review of urgent drug dispensing was carried out in the light of changes in the drug circuit.
METHODS: The analysis of drug dispensations was performed over a period from 2011 to 2019. The average number of drugs dispensed per shift, annual dispensations, and their variation by day of the week were studied. The increase is statistically significant and is found on both weekdays and weekends. Each drug was identified according to its Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. Data on the activities of our institution (number of hospitalizations, average length of stay) were also collected.
RESULTS: In 2011, an average of 36 medications were dispensed per on-call period, compared with 77 in 2019 (a doubling of activity). The increase is statistically significant and is found on both weekdays and weekends. Neurological drugs and anti-infectives represent on average 43 % of the drugs dispensed. At the same time, there was a decrease in average length of stay and an increase in hospitalizations (-10 % and +16 % respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the average number of medications dispensed per shift is notable. It reflects a strong and gradual increase in activity, which was increased when the full vacuum cabinets (FVCs) were introduced, which improved the quality and safety of the pharmaceutical circuit. The revision of the allocations and the information of prescribers on the drug circuit will optimize the activity and refocus it on the pharmaceutical analysis of urgent needs.

UNASSIGNED: Past research on disciplinary action by pharmacist regulatory bodies has shown that most cases concern community pharmacists, with few occurring in a hospital setting.
UNASSIGNED: To investigate how discipline-related issues involving pharmacists are dealt with by hospital pharmacy departments in Canada.
UNASSIGNED: Hospital pharmacy directors and managers from small, medium, and large hospitals across Canada were invited to participate in semi-structured telephone interviews. The interview questions focused on the discipline process in participants\' organizations, the situations when reporting to the regulatory body is deemed to be warranted, possible penalties, and recommendations for improving the regulatory body or organizational discipline process.
UNASSIGNED: Ten participants, from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador, agreed to be interviewed. Five key themes emerged as contributing to lower rates of hospital pharmacist discipline cases being escalated to the regulatory college level: robust organizational discipline processes independent from the regulatory college, a practice environment promoting competence, union representation, preference for a remedial approach to discipline, and lack of clarity about when to report to the regulatory authority.
UNASSIGNED: This study identified a number of reasons why discipline of hospital pharmacists by a regulatory body may be less prevalent than discipline relating to community pharmacists. The main reasons may be lack of clarity about when to report a case to the regulator and a lack of transparency, given that many cases are handled internally within hospitals. Environmental supports for competence and employee protections (e.g., through a union) may also reduce discipline cases.
UNASSIGNED: Des recherches antérieures sur les mesures disciplinaires prises par les organismes de réglementation des pharmaciens ont montré que la plupart des cas concernaient des pharmaciens communautaires, et que peu se produisaient en milieu hospitalier.
UNASSIGNED: Examiner comment les questions disciplinaires impliquant des pharmaciens sont traitées par les départements de pharmacie hospitalière au Canada.
UNASSIGNED: Les directeurs et gestionnaires de pharmacies de petits, moyens et grands hôpitaux au Canada ont été invités à participer à des entrevues téléphoniques semi-structurées. Les questions portaient sur le processus disciplinaire en place dans les organismes des participants; les situations où le signalement à l’organisme de réglementation était jugé justifié; les sanctions possibles; et les recommandations pour améliorer le processus disciplinaire de l’organisme de réglementation ou de l’organisme.
UNASSIGNED: Dix participants de la Colombie-Britannique, de la Saskatchewan, de l’Ontario, du Nouveau-Brunswick, de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard et de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador ont accepté d’être interrogés. Cinq thèmes clés ont été identifiés comme contribuant au taux plus faible de cas de discipline des pharmaciens hospitaliers remontés au niveau de l’organisme de réglementation: des processus disciplinaires organisationnels solides indépendants de l’organisme de réglementation; un environnement de pratique favorisant la compétence; la représentation syndicale; la préférence pour une approche corrective de la discipline; et le manque de clarté quant au moment où il faut signaler à l’autorité de réglementation.
UNASSIGNED: Cette étude a identifié un certain nombre de raisons pour lesquelles les mesures disciplinaires relatives des pharmaciens hospitaliers par un organisme de réglementation peuvent être moins répandues que celles liées aux pharmaciens communautaires. Les principales raisons pourraient être le manque de clarté quant au moment de signaler un cas à l’autorité réglementaire et un manque de transparence, étant donné que de nombreux cas sont traités en interne dans les hôpitaux. Les soutiens environnementaux pour la compétence et la protection des employés (par exemple, par l’entremise d’un syndicat) peuvent également réduire les cas de discipline.

In Quebec\'s historiography, the history of pharmacies and pharmacists straddles the history of medicine, doctors and health, on the one side, and the history of small business and consumerism, on the other. Too much of a hybrid to fit neatly in either of those fields of study, it has largely flown under the historians\' radar. This duality is nonetheless fascinating. Not only is it at the very heart of pharmacies\' trajectory and evolution in Quebec, but it explicitly highlights the fact that health, medication, and consumerism have historically close ties. Having given the background to an important investigation held in 1899, the paper illustrates the tension between commerce and profession from the mid-19th century to the economic and identity crisis facing pharmacists in the Sixties and Seventies.
Dans l’historiographie québécoise, l’histoire de la pharmacie et des pharmaciens se situe en quelque sorte entre l’histoire de la médecine, des médecins et de la santé, d’un côté, et l’histoire du petit commerce et de la consommation de l’autre. Sans doute trop hybride pour s’inscrire fermement dans l’un ou l’autre de ces champs d’études, elle n’a que très peu attiré l’attention des historiens à ce jour. Cette hybridité n’en demeure pas moins fascinante. Non seulement est-elle au cœur de la trajectoire et de l’évolution de la pharmacie au Québec, mais elle met en évidence de manière explicite le fait que santé, médicament et consommation sont historiquement étroitement liés. Après avoir brossé le contexte qui mène à une importante enquête menée en 1899, l’article déroulera le fil rouge de cette tension entre commerce et profession du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu’à la crise économique et identitaire à laquelle feront face les pharmaciens dans les années 1960 et 1970.

Observation, interpretation, actions for improvement, questioning are all terms that echo the situation of caregivers since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in France at the beginning of 2020. All those involved in the healthcare chain have had to cope with the influx of patients and to show that they are capable of seeing their practices evolve on a daily basis. What was recommended a few weeks earlier could quickly become obsolete. It was necessary to be reactive and the question of drug treatments was at the heart of the concerns, requiring prescribers to keep themselves informed and pharmacists to be as mobilized as possible to respond to requests from the field as quickly as possible.

The additive technology or 2D and 3D printing are increasingly used in various industrial fields, from aeronautics to mechanics but also in the fields of health such as dentistry or for bone reconstructions. These techniques have been studied for about fifteen years by the academic community in the pharmaceutical field (medical device and drug), and recently they have started to be applied to produce drugs in industry and in hospitals. Indeed, the Food and Drug Administration approved in August 2015 the marketing of the first drug printed by additive technique, then in 2018 the first clinical trial using 3D printed drugs was carried out in Great Britain by a hospital pharmacy. 2D-3D printing is presented as one of the tools of a more personalized medicine, the techniques of additive printing allowing the production of tabs containing several drugs in one tab (polypills) and the development of custom modified-releases drugs. This approach could allow better acceptance of the finished product and secure manufacturing. The objective of this work is to highlight relevant printing technologies for implementation in hospital pharmacies, and to see how these technologies could lead to a change in pharmaceutical practices, to improve patient care.

UNASSIGNED: The relationship between a preceptor and a learner is complex and can be prone to conflict. The issue of conflict in experiential education has been studied in medicine, nursing, social work, and education; however, conflict between pharmacy preceptors and learners has not been described.
UNASSIGNED: To describe types of conflict between pharmacy preceptors and learners, the outcomes of such conflict, the impacts on the preceptor-learner relationship, and conflict-resolution strategies.
UNASSIGNED: An anonymous electronic survey of pharmacist preceptors and pharmacy residents in British Columbia was conducted. The survey included various types of questions to enrich the quality of responses (e.g., Likert scale, ranking, and requests for comments). Descriptive statistics were used.
UNASSIGNED: Forty-nine participants completed the survey from the preceptor\'s perspective, 12 from the learner\'s perspective, and 4 from both perspectives. Sixty percent of preceptors (32/53) and 75% of learners (12/16) admitted experiencing conflict. Preceptors (n = 27) cited the learner\'s professionalism (74%), knowledge/skills (59%), communication issues (59%), personal issues (56%), and punctuality/attendance (52%) as causes of conflict. Learners, however (n = 12), cited differing expectations (67%), teaching versus learning style preferences (50%), and communication issues (67%) as causes of conflict. The majority of preceptors and learners indicated that conflict had negatively affected the relationship; however, most preceptors (69% [18/26]) and learners (50% [6/12]) agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, \"I have generally felt comfortable working with preceptors/learners after a conflict.\" More learners than preceptors felt that the learner\'s ability to perform was negatively affected by the conflict (92% [11/12] versus 52% [13/25]). Preceptors were more likely to take initiative to resolve conflict. Verbal communication was the method of conflict resolution preferred by both preceptors and learners. Most preceptors and learners indicated that they felt that conflicts were generally resolved.
UNASSIGNED: Conflict was common in the pharmacy preceptor-learner relationship. Pharmacy preceptors and learners had different perspectives about the causes and outcomes of conflict.
UNASSIGNED: La relation entre le précepteur et l’apprenant est complexe et peut entraîner des conflits. Le problème du conflit dans le domaine de l’éducation expérientielle a été étudié en médecine, en infirmerie, en travail social et en éducation; cependant, il n’existe aucune description des conflits entre les précepteurs et les apprenants en pharmacie.
UNASSIGNED: Décrire les types de conflits entre les précepteurs en pharmacie et les apprenants, les conséquences de tels conflits ainsi que les impacts sur la relation précepteur-apprenant et les stratégies de résolution de conflit.
UNASSIGNED: Une enquête électronique anonyme a été menée auprès de précepteurs et de résidents en pharmacie en Colombie-Britannique. L’enquête comprenait diverses questions visant à enrichir la qualité des réponses (p. ex., échelle de Likert, classement et demandes de commentaires). L’étude s’appuie sur des statistiques descriptives.
UNASSIGNED: Quarante-neuf participants ont répondu à l’enquête en adoptant le point de vue du précepteur, 12 en adoptant celui de l’apprenant et 4 ont adopté le point de vue de l’apprenant et du précepteur. Soixante pour cent des précepteurs (32/53) et 75 % des apprenants (12/16) ont admis traverser des conflits. Les sources de conflits citées par les précepteurs (n = 27) sont le professionnalisme de l’apprenant (74 %), les connaissances et compétences (59 %), les problèmes de communication (59 %), les problèmes personnels (56 %) ainsi que la ponctualité et la présence (52 %). Quant aux apprenants (n = 12), ils ont cité des attentes divergentes (67 %), des préférences de style d’enseignement ou d’apprentissage (50 %) et des problèmes de communication (67 %) comme causes de conflit. La majorité des précepteurs et des apprenants ont indiqué que ces conflits avaient affecté la relation; cependant, la plupart des précepteurs (69 % [18/26]) et des apprenants (50 % [6/12]) étaient d’accord ou fortement d’accord avec l’énoncé suivant : « En général, je me suis senti à l’aise de travailler avec des précepteurs ou des apprenants après un conflit. » Un plus grand nombre d’apprenants que de précepteurs ont perçu que le conflit avait perturbé la capacité de l’apprenant (92 % [11/12] par rapport à 52 % [13/25]). Les précepteurs étaient plus enclins à faire preuve d’initiative pour résoudre le conflit. La communication verbale était la méthode de résolution de conflit préférée des précepteurs et des apprenants. La plupart des précepteurs et des apprenants ont indiqué ressentir que les conflits étaient généralement résolus.
UNASSIGNED: Le conflit était répandu dans la relation précepteur et apprenant en pharmacie. Les précepteurs en pharmacie et les apprenants avaient différents points de vue sur les causes et les conséquences de ces conflits.