UNASSIGNED: To achieve substantial energy efficiency improvements in the privately owned building stock, it is important to communicate with potential renovators at the right point in time and provide them with targeted information to strengthen their renovation ambitions. The European Union recommends using one-stop-shops (OSSs), which provide information and support throughout the whole process, from planning to acquisition of funding, implementation, and evaluation as a measure to remove unnecessary barriers.
UNASSIGNED: For this paper, we invited visitors of two Norwegian websites with OSS characteristics to answer an online survey about their renovation plans and energy efficiency ambitions. The participants visited the websites out of their own interest; no recruitment for the websites was conducted as part of the study (N = 437). They also rated a range of psychological drivers, facilitators, and barriers to including energy upgrades in a renovation project. Their answers were then compared to existing data from representative samples of Norwegian households regarding home renovation in 2014, 2018, and 2023, as well as data from a sample of people who were engaged in renovation projects in 2014, which was collected by the research team with a similar online survey. Furthermore, 78 visitors completed a brief follow-up online survey one year later to report the implemented measures.
UNASSIGNED: We found that visitors of the websites are involved in more comprehensive renovation projects and have substantially higher ambitions for the upgrade of energy efficiency compared to the representative samples. They also perceive stronger personal and social norms, as well as have a different profile of facilitators and barriers.
UNASSIGNED: The findings suggest to policymakers that OSSs should be marketed especially to people motivated to upgrade energy efficiency but lack information and are unable to implement their plans alone. Also, the construction industry might refer interested people to such low-threshold online solutions to assist informed and more ambitious decisions.

Recent studies have shown that bystander intervention involves moral engagement. However, the underlying internal mechanism is still poorly understood. Drawing on the norm activation model (NAM), Study 1 (questionnaire; n = 502) and Study 2 (experiment; n = 144) were conducted to investigate the influence of personal norms on defending through the mediating factors of anticipated pride and anticipated guilt. After controlling for age and gender, Study 1 revealed a significant positive association between personal norms and defending. This relationship was mediated by both anticipated pride and guilt, highlighting their parallel roles in explaining the influence of personal norms on defending. Study 2 investigated using writing tasks to manipulate personal norms from participants. The results revealed that the priming group had significantly higher levels of anticipated pride, guilt, and defending than the control group. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 in testing the mediated path, enhancing the reliability of research findings. This study expands the scope of the application of NAM by examining the interplay between personal norms, anticipated pride, anticipated guilt, and defending, as well as exploring the implications of these findings for interventions against bullying. Moral education should focus not only on the responsibility and obligation of bystanders to intervene in bullying incidents but also on the need to assist students in forming a moral compass within themselves that guides them to defend victims through moral emotions actively.

Psychological research on norms has shown that norms are highly relevant for individuals\' decision-making. Yet, there is so far little understanding of how norms change over time. Knowledge about how norms change may help better understanding their potential for as well as limitations in guiding decision-making and changing behavior. The present work investigated change in individuals\' cooperation norms. As an indicator of different underlying processes of norm change, the temporal dynamics of different types of norms were examined. It was assumed that participants\' social norms are adapted quickly whenever the social situation changes, while personal norms change more slowly and gradually, abstracting part of the situational learning in interaction with one\'s personality. In an experimental study, participants played a repeated prisoner\'s dilemma game with artificial co-players representing a predominantly cooperative or uncooperative social setting, depending on the experimental condition. The condition was expected to affect slow learning of personal norms. Additionally, the cooperativeness of the social setting was varied repeatedly within conditions, expected to result in fast changes in social norms. Participants\' personal and social norms were assessed throughout the game. As predicted, the temporal dynamics differed between norms with social norms changing quickly and personal norms more slowly. Personal norms strongly predicted behavioral decision-making and were predicted by situational and personality factors. Potential qualitative differences of the underlying norm change processes are discussed.

A value-belief-norm (VBN) model for understanding the pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) of Taiwanese was developed. This formulated VBN model included personal values, openness to change, awareness of consequences, personal norms, social norms, and PEB. Ecological world view and ascription of responsibility were excluded to develop a tighter model. A total of 1079 completed questionnaires were collected and structural equation modelling was utilized, where standard estimates and coefficients of determination validated the formulated VBN model\'s effectiveness. Each construct served its role as the mediator between its distal variable and outcome variable, with a substantial level of predictive accuracy, and 74.3% of the variance in PEB was accounted for. Further findings found that mature individuals had a stronger tendency towards awareness of consequences due to personal values; the young had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; men had a stronger tendency towards personal norms due to awareness of consequences; and women had a weaker tendency due to a greater emphasis on altruism. Future interventions, such as sharing of personal pro-environmental lifestyles verbally or through social media, periodically decluttering personal items and maintaining a minimalist lifestyle, where these personal norms are in line with collective social norms, could help to strengthen PEB.

In an era where environmental conservation is increasingly critical, identifying pathways through which technological innovations like virtual reality tourism (VRT) can promote sustainable behaviors is vital. This study investigates the impact of \'ecological presence\', a newly proposed sub-dimension of presence in VRT, on tourists\' environmentally responsible behavior (TERB). Through structural equation modeling and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis of data from 290 participants, we unveil that ecological presence-defined as the authenticity and immersion of tourists in virtual ecological environments-significantly bolsters biospheric values, environmental self-identity, and personal norms. Additionally, our findings indicate that ecological presence in VRT indirectly promotes TERB, predominantly through the mediation of enhanced biospheric values and environmental self-identity. Notably, ecological presence, biospheric values, and environmental self-identity constitutes a sufficient condition for achieving a high level of TERB. This research highlights the potential of VRT as an innovative tool for tourism administrators to foster environmental stewardship, offering a novel approach to leveraging technology for conservation efforts.

UNASSIGNED: It is crucial to understand the environmental friendly behavior of tourists. The utilization of natural resources by the tourists poses a significant threat to environmental sustainability. Fostering environmental friendly practices within tourism industry will help to protect future generation. The current study will evaluate the influence of values, ascribed responsibility, environmental concern and personal norms on customers\' intention to visit green hotels. Furthermore, it will assess the mediating effect of personal norms via ascribed responsibility and environmental concern.
UNASSIGNED: The study collected data from Data 347 customers through a questionnaire survey method. Partial least square-structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was employed for the analysis of data.
UNASSIGNED: The findings indicate that values are significant factors affecting ascribed responsibility and environmental concern. Environmental concern direct impact on intention was insignificant. However, the environmental concern significantly affect intention to visit green hotels via personal norms indicating full mediating impact of personal norms.

The objective of this study was to determine the factors influencing consumer intention to donate blood in an emerging market setting. A quantitative research design was followed that entailed the collection of data from 308 non-donor respondents, using a self-administered online questionnaire. The conceptual model and hypotheses were analysed statistically, using SPSS to conduct reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and personal norms had a positive and significant influence on consumers\' intention to donate blood. Ascription of responsibility was the largest influencer of personal norms towards blood donation.

Employees can help organizations attain Corporate Environmental Performance (CEP) goals and save on energy bills, by conserving electricity. However, they lack the motivation. Information Systems (IS)-enabled energy-related feedback interventions featuring gamification (utilizing game-design elements), have been suggested to increase organizational energy conservation. To identify the behavioral factors that should be considered when designing such interventions towards optimizing their results, this paper focuses on unravelling the intricacies of employee energy consumption behavior and providing answers to the research question: \"What drives employees to save energy at work?\". Our research is conducted in three workplaces across Europe. First, we analyze employees\' energy-saving motivation and behavior at an individual level of analysis to identify defining behavioral factors behind it. Then, considering these drivers of employees\' energy consumption behavior, we focus on answering the question: \"How a gamified IS that provides real-time energy usage feedback affects employees\' motivation to conserve energy at work, and in turn the actual energy savings in organizations\". Our findings suggest that employees\' level of self-determination to conserve energy, energy-saving personal norms, and personal and organizational profile, significantly explain both their energy-saving behavior and the energy behavior change attained through a gamified IS intervention. Moreover, the provision of feedback to employees, via an Internet-Of-Things (IoT)-enabled gamified IS, is proven an effective strategy for accomplishing actual energy conservation at work. The acquired insight on what drives employees\' energy usage behavior supports the design of gamified IS interventions that have higher motivational capacity and, thus, can change employees\' energy behavior. When designing behavioral interventions aimed at energy conservation at work, we should primarily focus on monitoring (to decide whether a behavioral intervention would be worth organizing) and ultimately positively affecting employees\' energy-saving habits and intention. Our findings can be transformed to specific practical suggestions for firms to encourage employees\' energy saving behavior when aspiring to attain CEP goals. They include satisfying their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, activating their personal norms in the context of energy-saving at work, and educating and encouraging them towards specific energy-saving behaviors by utilizing gamified IoT-enabled IS that keep their energy-saving \"in shape\".

UNASSIGNED: Pro-environmental behavior necessitates individuals to make personal sacrifices, such as spending more money on environmentally-friendly products to benefit the environment. Realistically, individuals may not be willing to engage in pro-environmental behavior based self-interest. The increase in personal pro-environmental behavior has become an urgent issue in the field of environmental psychology.
UNASSIGNED: The present study adopted green consumption paradigm to explore the internal mechanisms of pro-environmental behavior at different personal costs, the role of social and personal norms on pro-environmental behavior, which can promote individual pro-environmental behavior.
UNASSIGNED: In our experiment, participants first were instructed to read texts unrelated and related to social norms in sequence. Participants subsequently completed the product choice task, which involved making choices between buying green (eco-friendly) products or cheaper (self-interested) common products, a method to measure pro-environment behavior. Finally, the participants completed the personal norms scale and social norms check.
UNASSIGNED: The findings of present study indicated that pro-environmental behavior decreased as personal costs increased. However, social norms effectively promoted individuals\' pro-environmental behavior, and personal norms played a mediating role at high personal costs.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings indicate that individuals tend to choose cheaper common products that are harmful to the natural environment in self-interest. However, we discuss the implications for the use of social norms as a social marketing technique, which extends the Norm Activation Model.

UNASSIGNED: Pervasive health misinformation on social media affects people\'s health. Fact-checking health information before it is shared is an altruistic behavior that effectively addresses health misinformation on social media.
UNASSIGNED: Based on the influence of presumed media influence (IPMI), this study serves two purposes: The first is to investigate factors that influence social media users\' decisions to fact-check health information before sharing it in accordance with the IPMI model. The second is to explore different predictive powers of the IPMI model for individuals with different levels of altruism.
UNASSIGNED: This study conducted a questionnaire survey of 1045 Chinese adults. Participants were divided into either a low-altruism group (n = 545) or a high-altruism group (n = 500) at the median value of altruism. A multigroup analysis was conducted with R Lavaan package (Version 0.6-15).
UNASSIGNED: All of the hypotheses were supported, which confirms the applicability of the IPMI model in the context of fact-checking health information on social media before sharing. Notably, the IPMI model yielded different results for the low- and high-altruism groups.
UNASSIGNED: This study confirmed the IPMI model can be employed in the context of fact-checking health information. Paying attention to health misinformation can indirectly affect an individual\'s intention to fact-check health information before they share it on social media. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the IPMI model\'s varying predictive powers for individuals with different altruism levels and recommended specific strategies health-promotion officials can take to encourage others to fact-check health information.