UNASSIGNED: IDS presented pathognomonic dilatation of the jejunum up to Meckel\'s diverticulum.IDS caused weight loss, decreased egg production, and increased culling and mortality.Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) was consistently detected through PCR assays.Chicken megrivirus (ChMV) was consistently detected through viral metagenomics.

The perineurium surrounds each fascicle in peripheral nerves, forming part of the blood-nerve barrier. We describe its normal anatomy and function. \"Perineuritis\" refers to both a nonspecific histopathological finding and more specific clinicopathological entity, primary perineuritis (PP). Patients with PP are often assumed to have nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy until nerve biopsy is performed. We systematically reviewed the literature on PP and developed a differential diagnosis for histopathologically defined perineuritis. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for \"perineuritis.\" We identified 20 cases (11 M/9F) of PP: progressive, unexplained neuropathy with biopsy showing perineuritis without vasculitis or other known predisposing condition. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 75 (mean 53.7) y and had symptoms 2-24 (median 4.5) mo before diagnosis. Neuropathy was usually sensory-motor (15/20), painful (18/19), multifocal (16/20), and distal-predominant (16/17) with legs more affected than arms. Truncal numbness occurred in 6/17; 10/18 had elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) demonstrated primarily axonal changes. Nerve biopsies showed T-cell-predominant inflammation, widening, and fibrosis of perineurium; infiltrates in epineurium in 10/20 and endoneurium in 7/20; and non-uniform axonal degeneration. Six had epithelioid cells. 19/20 received corticosteroids, 8 with additional immunomodulators; 18/19 improved. Two patients did not respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). At final follow-up, 13/16 patients had mild and 2/16 moderate disability; 1/16 died. Secondary causes of perineuritis include leprosy, vasculitis, neurosarcoidosis, neuroborreliosis, neurolymphomatosis, toxic oil syndrome, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, and rarer conditions. PP appears to be an immune-mediated, corticosteroid-responsive disorder. It mimics nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy. Cases with epithelioid cells might represent peripheral nervous system (PNS)-restricted forms of sarcoidosis.

A 179-day-old calf, which was weak and stunted, showed neurological signs and was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed extensive and severe cloudy area in the meninges, and pleural pneumonia. Gram-positive cocci were isolated from systemic organs. Biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses identified the isolate as Streptococcus gallolyticus, and its subspecies was suggested to be gallolyticus (SGG). The isolate was classified as a novel sequence type (ST115) by the multilocus sequence typing scheme for SGG and showed susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. Histopathologically, suppurative meningoencephalitis and perineuritis were detected. As SGG has been isolated solely from a cow with mastitis in Japan, this is the first SGG infection in a calf with suppurative meningoencephalitis and perineuritis in this country.

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A 63-year-old white man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, adrenal insufficiency, and history of metastatic spindle cell melanoma previously treated with ipilimumab, presented with unilateral papillitis in the left eye. The disc edema evolved to neuroretinitis with additional MRI findings of perineuritis. Broad laboratory evaluation confirmed active B. henselae infection, and he confirmed exposure to a newly adopted kitten. His vision improved following a course of antibiotics and oral steroids with resolution of clinical findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of cat-scratch neuroretinitis with MRI findings of optic nerve and optic nerve sheath enhancement.

Bilateral optic disc edema (ODE) with preserved visual function is typically a result of papilledema, but the causes of this finding in the absence of raised intracranial pressure have not been systematically evaluated. The goal of this study was to determine the causes of bilateral ODE with preserved visual function not related to intracranial hypertension to help in developing a differential diagnosis for this finding. We retrospectively reviewed 221 consecutive patients presenting to a tertiary neuro-ophthalmology practice over a period of 2 years. Four patients met the inclusion criteria with a mean age of 53 years (range 43 to 63), 2 patients were men and 2 were women. The final diagnoses were bilateral optic perineuritis secondary to p-ANCA vasculitis, bilateral incipient non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), hypertensive emergency, and intermediate uveitis. The patient with NAION developed an inferior altitudinal defect 4 months after presentation, but all other patients maintained normal visual function. The ODE resolved in all cases at a mean follow-up of 4.5 months (range 3 to 6 months). Optic disc edema with preserved visual function may not be related to papilledema, and this series indicates that optic perineuritis, incipient NAION, hypertensive emergency, and intermediate uveitis be considered in the differential diagnosis of these cases.

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Perineuritis is a rare type of peripheral neuropathy defined by swelling and cellular infiltration in the perineurium. We herein report a 52-year-old man who presented with subacute onset pain from the back to the lower limbs, muscle weakness and hypoesthesia. A sural nerve biopsy revealed perineuritis, consisting of inflammatory cell infiltration and swelling of the perineurium. Oral prednisolone, plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment were all effective, leading to significant improvement of the symptoms.

Multiple mononeuropathy is an unusual form of peripheral neuropathy involving two or more nerve trunks. It is a syndrome with many different causes. We reviewed the clinical, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy findings of 14 patients who suffered from multiple mononeuropathy in our clinic between January 2009 and June 2013. Patients were diagnosed with vasculitic neuropathy (n = 6), perineuritis (n = 2), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (n = 2) or Lewis-Sumner syndrome (n = 1) on the basis of clinical features, laboratory data, electrophysiological investigations and nerve biopsies. Two patients who were clinically diagnosed with vasculitic neuropathy and one patient who was clinically diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy were not confirmed by nerve biopsy. Nerve biopsies confirmed clinical diagnosis in 78.6% of the patients (11/14). Nerve biopsy pathological diagnosis is crucial to the etiological diagnosis of multiple mononeuropathy.

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