European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are nocturnal insectivores frequently found in urban areas. In the last decades, their population has declined in various European countries and human activities have emerged as significant contributors to this trend. While the literature has mainly focused on trauma as the major cause of mortality, few authors have considered pathological findings. The present study is based on the results of full post-mortem examinations performed on 162 European hedgehogs in Italy and 109 in Switzerland. Unlike in previous studies, the main cause of mortality was infectious diseases (60.5%), followed by traumatic insults (27.7%). The lungs were the main organ affected, showing mostly lymphoplasmacytic (45.9%), granulomatous (18.1%) or suppurative (8.2%) pneumonia. Nematodes were detected in 57.2% of all lungs and were significantly associated with pneumonia (p-value < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report infectious diseases as the main cause of hedgehog death, emphasizing the need for wildlife rescue centers to adopt appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Further research is necessary to determine the broad range of infectious agents that affect this species and elucidate their interplay with the host. Finally, citizen sensitization should be implemented to promote responsible behaviors that could reduce human-related traumatic events.

UNASSIGNED: Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) and intradural AVFs are often associated with aneurysms and varics, and it is sometimes difficult to identify the ruptured point on radiological images. We report a case in which vessel wall magnetic resonance image (VW-MRI) was useful for identifying the ruptured point at the CCJ AVF.
UNASSIGNED: A 70-year-old man presented with a sudden onset of headache. He had Glasgow Coma Scale E4V5M6, world federation of neurosurgical societies (WFNS) Grade I. Fisher group 3 subarachnoid hemorrhage and hydrocephalus were found on head computed tomography. Cerebral angiography showed a spinal AVF at the C1 level of the cervical spine. Magnetic resonance image-enhanced motion sensitized driven equilibrium (MSDE-method showed an enhancing effect in part of the AVF draining vein, but the vascular architecture of this lesion was indeterminate. We performed continuous ventricular drainage for acute hydrocephalus and antihypertensive treatment. Cerebral angiography was performed 30days after the onset of the disease, and was revealed an aneurysmal structure in a portion of the AVF draining vein, which VW-MRI initially enhanced. On the 38th day after onset, he underwent direct surgery to occlude the AV fistula and dissect the aneurysmal structure. Histopathology showed that the aneurysmal structure was varices with lymphocytic infiltration, and hemosiderin deposition was observed near the varices.
UNASSIGNED: Recently, VW-MRI has been reported to show an association between the enhancement of varices in dural AVF and rupture cases. VW-MRI, especially the enhanced MSDE method, may be useful in estimating the ruptured point in arteriovenous shunt disease.

Endoscopic pathological findings of the gastrointestinal tract are crucial for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous deep learning works, aimed at improving CRC detection performance and reducing subjective analysis errors, are limited to polyp segmentation. Pathological findings were not considered and only convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which are not able to handle global image feature information, were utilized. This work introduces a novel vision transformer (ViT)-based approach for early CRC detection. The core components of the proposed approach are ViTCol, a boosted vision transformer for classifying endoscopic pathological findings, and PUTS, a vision transformer-based model for polyp segmentation. Results demonstrate the superiority of this vision transformer-based CRC detection method over existing CNN and vision transformer models. ViTCol exhibited an outstanding performance in classifying pathological findings, with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) value of 0.9999 ± 0.001 on the Kvasir dataset. PUTS provided outstanding results in segmenting polyp images, with mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 0.8673 and 0.9092 on the Kvasir-SEG and CVC-Clinic datasets, respectively. This work underscores the value of spatial transformers in localizing input images, which can seamlessly integrate into the main vision transformer network, enhancing the automated identification of critical image features for early CRC detection.

UNASSIGNED: Capillary hemangioma is a rare benign hemangioma that occurs in the soft tissues of the skin, orbit, head, and neck. Intracranial cases, especially intraparenchymal cases, are extremely rare. In this study, we report the course of an intracranial parenchymal capillary hemangioma with left mild motor paresis and involuntary movements of the left upper extremity and was successfully treated by surgical resection, including radiological and pathological examinations.
UNASSIGNED: This is a case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with motor weakness and involuntary movement of the left upper extremity. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed the right frontal hemorrhagic mass lesion without enhancement of contrast medium. Cerebral digital subtraction angiography showed no vascular stain and abnormal arteriovenous shunt. Preoperatively, we diagnosed cavernous hemangioma with a hemorrhagic component located in the right motor cortex. Because this case was symptomatic, we performed a craniotomy and gross total resection of the right frontal lesion. The diagnosis of capillary hemangioma was made by histological examination, including immunohistological study.
UNASSIGNED: Because intraparenchymal capillary hemangiomas are difficult to diagnose with preoperative imaging, surgical treatment, and histopathological examination are important.

OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics of preoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) that could predict early recurrence after curative resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
METHODS: From January 2017 to September 2022, a total of 110 patients with PDAC (all confirmed by samples obtained via operation) who underwent CEUS within 1 month before surgery were enrolled. We proposed five CEUS enhancement patterns (Pattern I, homogeneous enhancement; Pattern II, heterogeneous enhancement without cystic components; pattern III, ring enhancement; Pattern IV, starry enhancement; Pattern V, heterogeneous enhancement with cystic components) of PDAC. Clinical-pathologic and CEUS characteristics for predicting early recurrence (recurrence within 1 year after curative resection) were analyzed. Important CEUS characteristics were compared with the pathological findings.
RESULTS: Tumor size and TNM stage were closely associated with early recurrence. Incomplete-enhancement and enhancement pattern III, IV and V at CEUS imaging were more prone to early recurrence. Incomplete-enhancement lesions had higher histological tumor grades, less frequent remaining acini, and more frequent necrosis within the tumor. PDACs with pattern I and II had lower histological tumor grades, and pattern III, IV and V had higher histological tumor grades. PDACs with pattern I, II and IV had less frequent intratumoral necrosis than PDACs with pattern III and V, and PDACs with pattern IV had lower MVD values.
CONCLUSIONS: PDACs with incomplete enhancement and enhancement pattern III, IV and V were more prone to early recurrence after attempted curative resection, and these important CEUS characteristics were closely related to the pathological findings of PDAC.

Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumors (IPTs) are defined as benign, non-malignant, non-metastasizing tumors characterized by the presence of myofibroblastic spindle cells, hetorogenous populations of inflammatory cells, particularly plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as locations of fibrosis and necrosis without cellular anaplasia or atypical mitoses. Despite subsequent reports in the references, hepatic IPT remains difficult to diagnose; while posing major issues specifically for its differential diagnosis compared with that of other various benign diseases and malignant hepatic tumors. Histopathological findings are always a requisite for confirming the diagnosis, particularly given that the pathogenesis of IPT remains ambiguous to date. Hepatic IPT is a heterogeneous entity in terms of its clinical features, pathological findings, and pathogenesis. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, however, needless surgery such as wedge resection and lobectomy should be avoided. Here, we discuss the heterogeneity of hepatic IPT, its clinical features, pathological findings, and pathogenesis, and describe its differential diagnosis.

UNASSIGNED: Whole-body autopsies may be crucial to understand coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology. We aimed to analyze pathological findings in a large series of full-body autopsies, with a special focus on superinfections.
UNASSIGNED: This was a prospective multicenter study that included 70 COVID-19 autopsies performed between April 2020 and February 2021. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological information was collected using a standardized case report form.
UNASSIGNED: Median (IQR) age was 70 (range 63.75-74.25) years and 76% of cases were males. Most patients (90%,) had at least one comorbidity prior to COVID-19 diagnosis, with vascular risk factors being the most frequent. Infectious complications were developed by 65.71% of the patients during their follow-up. Mechanical ventilation was required in most patients (75.71%) and was mainly invasive. In multivariate analyses, length of hospital stay and invasive mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with infections (p = 0.036 and p = 0.013, respectively). Necropsy findings revealed diffuse alveolar damage in the lungs, left ventricular hypertrophy in the heart, liver steatosis and pre-infection arteriosclerosis in the heart and kidneys.
UNASSIGNED: Our study confirms the main necropsy histopathological findings attributed to COVID-19 in a large patient series, while underlining the importance of both comorbid conditions and superinfections in the pathology.

BACKGROUND: While the clinical features were described recently, the histopathological characterisation of trunk-dominant canine pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is lacking, and whether it differs from classic facial or insecticide-triggered PF is unknown.
OBJECTIVE: This study describes the histopathological findings of trunk-dominant PF, and compares the results to classic facial and insecticide-triggered PF.
METHODS: Skin biopsies from 103 dogs with clinically characterised trunk-dominant (n = 33), classic facial (n = 26) and insecticide-triggered PF (n = 44) were included.
METHODS: Histological sections, randomised and blinded, were scored for over 50 morphological parameters of pustules, epidermis, dermis, adnexa and crusts. Intact pustule area and width were measured by digital microscopy.
RESULTS: In trunk-dominant PF, 77 intact pustules were predominantly subcorneal (0.0019-1.940 mm2 area, 0.0470-4.2532 mm wide), and contained from one to over 100 acantholytic keratinocytes. Pustules had boat acantholytic cells, corneocytes, perinuclear eosinophilic rings, neutrophil rosettes, acantholytic cell necrosis, rafts, cling-ons and/or eosinophils. Peripustular epidermal spongiosis, necrosis and lymphocyte exocytosis occurred, as did follicular pustules. Mixed dermal inflammation often contained eosinophils. Trunk-dominant PF did not differ from the other PF groups except for few parameters, such as having fewer rafts (p = 0.003). Additional autoimmune inflammatory patterns occurred in all PF groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Trunk-dominant PF and other canine PF variants are histologically similar, which indicates shared pathomechanisms. The identification of common boat acantholytic cells and corneocyte separation has implications for the mechanisms of acantholysis. The diversity of histopathological and polyautoimmunity features support complicated immune mechanisms. Finally, results indicate that diagnostic biopsies cannot differentiate between these PF variants in dogs.
背景: 虽然最近对其临床特征进行了描述，但缺乏躯干显性犬落叶型天疱疮(PF)的组织病理学特征，也不知道它是否与经典的面部或杀虫剂引发的PF不同。 假设/目的: 本研究描述了躯干显性PF的组织病理学发现，并将其结果与经典的面部和杀虫剂触发PF进行了比较。 动物: 包括103只具有临床特征的躯干显性(n=33)、典型面部(n=26)和杀虫剂触发PF(n=44)的犬的皮肤活检。 材料和方法: 组织学切片，随机和盲法，对脓疱、表皮、真皮、毛囊附件和结痂的50多个形态学参数进行评分。通过数字显微镜测量完整的脓疱面积和宽度。 结果: 在躯干显性的PF中，77个完整的脓疱主要位于角质层下(面积0.0019-1.940 mm2 ，宽度0.0470-4.2532 mm)，包含1至100多个棘层松懈性角质细胞。脓疱有连片的棘层松懈细胞、角化细胞、核周嗜酸性粒细胞环、中性粒细胞花环、棘层松懈细胞坏死、筏状排列、紧靠和/或嗜酸性粒细胞。出现脓疱周围表皮海绵状水肿、坏死和淋巴细胞外排，毛囊性脓疱也是如此。混合性真皮炎症通常含有嗜酸性粒细胞。躯干显性PF与其他PF组没有差异，除了一些参数，例如筏状排列更少(p=0.003)。所有PF组都出现了额外的自身免疫炎症模式。 结论和临床相关性: 躯干显性PF和其他犬PF变体在组织学上相似，这表明共同的病理机制。常见连片棘层松懈细胞和分离角化细胞的鉴定，牵连出棘层松懈的机制。组织病理学和多重自身免疫特征的多样性支持复杂的免疫机制。最后，结果表明，诊断性活组织检查无法区分犬的这些PF变体。.
BACKGROUND: Bien que les caractéristiques cliniques aient été décrites récemment, la caractérisation histopathologique du pemphigus foliacé (PF) canin à dominant tronculaire fait défaut, et on ne sait pas s\'il diffère du PF facial classique ou induit par un insecticide. HYPOTHÈSE/OBJECTIFS: Cette étude décrit les résultats histopathologiques provenant de PF à dominante tronculaire et les compare à ceux de PF faciaux classiques et induits par un insecticide. ANIMAUX: les biopsies cutanées de 103 chiens présentant une PF à dominante tronculaire (n = 33), faciale classique (n = 26) et déclenchée par un insecticide (n = 44) sont étudiées. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Des coupes histologiques, randomisées et en aveugle, sont évaluées pour plus de 50 paramètres morphologiques relatifs aux pustules, à l\'épiderme, au derme, aux annexes et aux croûtes. La surface et la largeur des pustules intactes sont mesurées par microscopie numérique. RÉSULTATS: Concernant les PF à dominante tronculaire, 77 pustules intactes sont principalement sous-cornéennes (surface de 0,0019 à 1,940 mm2, largeur de 0,0470 à 4,2532 mm) et contiennent de un à plus de 100 kératinocytes acantholytiques. Les pustules contiennent des cellules acantholytiques en radeau, des cornéocytes, des halos éosinophiles périnucléaires, des rosettes de neutrophiles, une nécrose des cellules acantholytiques, des radeaux, des amas et/ou des éosinophiles. Une spongiose épidermique péripustuleuse, une nécrose et une exocytose lymphocytaire sont observées, ainsi que des pustules folliculaires. L\'inflammation cutanée mixte contient souvent des éosinophiles. Le PF à dominante tronculaire ne différe pas des autres groupes de PF, à l’exception de quelques paramètres, comme le fait de présenter moins de radeaux (p = 0,003). D’autres patterns inflammatoires auto-immuns ont été observés dans tous les groupes de PF. CONCLUSIONS ET PERTINENCE CLINIQUE: le PF à dominante tronculaire et les autres variants canins de PF sont histologiquement similaires, ce qui indique des mécanismes pathologiques communs. L\'identification commune de cellules acantholytiques en radeau associée à la disruption des cornéocytes a des implications en termes de mécanisme acantholytique. La diversité des caractéristiques histopathologiques et de polyauto-immunité argue en faveur de mécanismes immunitaires complexes. Enfin, les résultats indiquent que l’examen des biopsies ne permet pas de différencier ces variants de PF chez le chien.
UNASSIGNED: Während die klinischen Merkmale jüngst beschrieben wurden, fehlt eine histopathologische Charakterisierung des Rumpf-dominierten Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) des Hundes, ebenso ist die Unterscheidung zum klassischen Gesichts- oder Insektizid-ausgelöstem PF unbekannt.
UNASSIGNED: Diese Studie beschreibt die histopathologischen Befunde des Rumpf-dominierten PF, und vergleicht die Ergebnisse zum klassischen Gesichts- und Insektizid-ausgelösten PF.
UNASSIGNED: Hautbiopsien von 103 Hunden mit klinisch beschriebenem Rumpf-dominierten PF (n = 33), klassischem Gesichts- (n = 26) und Insektizid-ausgelöstem PF (n = 44) wurden inkludiert.
UNASSIGNED: Histologische Schnitte, zufällig ausgewählt und geblindet, wurden auf über 50 morphologische Parameter wie Pusteln, Epidermis, Dermis, Adnexe und Krusten untersucht. Bei intakten Pusteln wurde die Stelle und der Durchmesser mittels Digitalmikroskopie gemessen.
UNASSIGNED: Beim Rumpf-dominierten PF traten intakte Pusteln vor allem subcorneal auf (0,0019-1,949 mm2 ; 0,0470-4,2532 mm Durchmesser) und enthielten zwischen einem und über 100 akantholytische Keratinozyten. Die Pusteln hatten Boot-ähnliche akantholytische Zellen, Korneozyten, perinukleäre eosinophile Ringe, neutrophile Rosetten, akantholytische Zellnekrosen, zusammenhängende Zellen, einzeln anhängende Zellen und/oder Eosinophile. Es trat eine peripustulöse epidermale Spongiose, Nekrose und Lymphozyten Exozytose auf, sowie follikuläre Pusteln. In der gemischten dermalen Entzündung traten auch häufig Eosinophile auf. Der Rumpf-dominierte PF unterschied sich nicht vom PF der anderen Gruppen außer in einigen wenigen Parametern, wie weniger zusammenhängende Zellen (p = 0,003). Zusätzliche autoimmune entzündliche Merkmale traten in allen PF-Gruppen auf.
UNASSIGNED: Der Rumpf-dominierte PF und andere PF-Varianten des Hundes sind histologisch ähnlich, was einen gemeinsamen Pathomechanismus deutlich macht. Die Identifizierung sogenannter akantholytischer Zellen in Boot-Form und eine Korneozyten Separierung hat auch eine Bedeutung im Bezug auf die Mechanismen der Akantholyse. Die Vielfalt der histopathologischen und polyautoimmunen Merkmale weist auf komplizierte immune Mechanismen hin. Letztendlich zeigen diese Ergebnisse, dass die diagnostischen Biopsien nicht zwischen den PF-Varianten des Hundes unterscheiden können.
背景: 体幹優位型犬落葉状天疱瘡(PF)の病理組織学的特徴は最近報告されているが、古典的な顔面型や駆虫薬誘発型PFと異なるかどうかは不明である。 仮説・目的: 本研究では、体幹優位型PFの病理組織学的所見を述べ、古典的顔面型PFおよび駆虫薬誘発型PFと比較することであった。 供試動物: 体幹優位型PF(n = 33)、古典的顔面型PF(n = 26)、駆虫薬誘発型PF(n = 44)の臨床的特徴を有する犬103頭の皮膚生検が対象となった。 材料と方法: 組織切片を無作為に盲検化し、膿疱、表皮、真皮、付属器、痂皮の50以上の形態学的パラメータについてスコア化した。膿疱の面積と幅は、デジタル顕微鏡で測定した。 結果: 体幹優位型PFでは、77個の膿疱は主に角層下(面積0.0019-1.940mm2、幅0.0470-4.2532mm)で、1~100個以上の角化細胞が含まれていた。膿疱は、ボート状の棘融解細胞、角質細胞、核周囲の好酸性リング、好中球ロゼット、棘融解細胞壊死、ラフト、クリングオン、好酸球を有していた。毛包の膿疱と同様に、膿疱周囲表皮の海綿状変化、壊死、リンパ球のエクソサイトーシスが起こった。真皮の混合性炎症はしばしば好酸球を含んでいた。体幹優位型PFは、ラフトが少ない(p = 0.003)といったいくつかのパラメータを除いて、他のPFグループと差がなかった。自己免疫性炎症パターンは、すべてのPF群で発生した。 結論と臨床的な関連性: 体幹優位型PFと他の犬PF変種は組織学的に類似しており、これは病態メカニズムを共有していることを示した。共通のボート状棘融解細胞および角質細胞の分離の特定は、棘融解のメカニズムを示唆していた。病理組織学的および多自己免疫学的特徴の多様性は、複雑な免疫機構を支持した。最後に、診断用生検では、犬におけるこれらのPF変種を区別することができないことが示された。.
UNASSIGNED: Enquanto as características clínicas foram descritas recentemente, ainda falta a caracterização histopatológica do pênfigo foliáceo (PF) canino predominante no tronco e não se sabe se ele difere do PF foliáceo facial clássico e do desencadeado por inseticida. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Este estudo descreve os achados histopatológicos do PF predominante no tronco e compara os resultados com o PF clássico e com o desencadeado por inseticidas.
UNASSIGNED: Foram incluídas biópsias cutâneas de 103 cães com PF caracterizado clinicamente como predominante no tronco (n = 33), facial clássico (n = 26) e desencadeado por inseticidas (n = 44). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Cortes histológicos randomizados e cegos foram classificados por mais de 50 parâmetros morfológicos de pústulas, epiderme, derme, anexos e crostas. A área e a largura das pústulas intactas foram mensuradas por microscopia digital.
RESULTS: No PF predominante no tronco, as pústulas intactas foram principalmente subcórneas (0,0019-1,940 mm2 de área, 0,0470-4,2532 mm de largura), e continham de um a mais de cem queratinócitos acantolíticos. As pústulas apresentavam células acantolíticas em formato de barco, corneócitos, anéis eosinofílicos perinucleares, rosetas neutrofílicas, necrose de células acantolíticas, aglomerados de células acantolíticas, grupos de células do estrato granuloso aderidas ao estrato córneo (cling-on) e/ou eosinófilos. Ocorreram espongiose epidérmica peripustular, necrose e exocitose de linfócitos, bem como pústulas foliculares. No infiltrado inflamatório dérmico misto frequentemente continha eosinófilos. O PF predominante no tronco não diferiu dos outros grupos de PF exceto para poucos parâmetros, como por exemplo apresentar menos aglomerados de células acantolíticas (p = 0.003). Os outros padrões inflamatórios autoimunes ocorreram em todos os grupos de PF. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: O PF predominante no tronco e as outras variantes do PF canino são histologicamente similares, o que indica a existência de patomecanismos comuns. A identificação frequente de células acantolíticas em formato de barco e separação de corneócitos tem implicações nos mecanismos de acantólise. A diversidade as características histopatológicas e poliautoimunes corroboram com os mecanismos imunológicos complexos. Finalmente, os resultados indicam que as biópsias diagnósticas não são capazes de diferenciar essas variantes de PF em cães.
INTRODUCCIÓN: si bien las características clínicas se describieron recientemente, falta la caracterización histopatológica del pénfigo foliáceo (PF) canino dominante en el tronco, y se desconoce si difiere del PF facial clásico o desencadenado por insecticidas. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: Este estudio describe los hallazgos histopatológicos de la PF predominante en el tronco y compara los resultados con PF facial clásico y el PF desencadenado por insecticidas. ANIMALE: Se incluyeron biopsias de piel de 103 perros con PF predominante en el tronco clínicamente caracterizado (n = 33), PF facial clásico (n = 26) y el desencadenado por insecticida (n = 44). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Las secciones histológicas se puntuaron para más de 50 parámetros morfológicos al azar y de forma ciega para las características de pústulas, epidermis, dermis, anejos y costras. El área y el ancho de la pústula intacta se midieron mediante microscopía digital. RESULTADOS: En la PF dominante de tronco 77 pústulas intactas fueron predominantemente subcorneales (0,0019-1,940 mm2 de área, 0,0470-4,2532 mm de ancho) y contenían de uno a más de 100 queratinocitos acantolíticos. Las pústulas tenían células acantolíticas agrupadas, corneocitos, anillos eosinófilos perinucleares, rosetas de neutrófilos, necrosis de células acantolíticas, acantolisis en línea, células acantoliticsas adheridas y/o eosinófilos. Se produjo espongiosis epidérmica peripustulosa, necrosis y exocitosis de linfocitos, así como pústulas foliculares. La inflamación dérmica mixta a menudo contenía eosinófilos. La PF de tronco dominante no se diferenció de los otros grupos de PF excepto por algunos parámetros, como tener menos células en línea (p = 0,003). Se produjeron patrones inflamatorios autoinmunitarios adicionales en todos los grupos de PF. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: El PF dominante en el tronco y otras variantes del PF canino son histológicamente similares, lo que indica mecanismos patogénicos compartidos. La identificación de células acantolíticas en grupos y la separación de corneocitos tiene implicaciones para los mecanismos de acantólisis. La diversidad de características histopatológicas y de poliautoinmunidad respalda mecanismos inmunitarios complicados. Finalmente, los resultados indican que las biopsias de diagnóstico no pueden diferenciar entre estas variantes de PF en perros.

Songbirds are currently the most prevalent animals in illegal trafficking in Brazil and other countries, so they are often confiscated, and this poses legal, ethical, and conservation challenges. Returning them to nature requires complex and expensive management, a topic that is sparingly addressed in the literature. Here, we described the processes and costs associated with an attempt to rehabilitate and release confiscated songbirds into the wild. A total of 1,721 songbirds of several species were quarantined, rehabilitated, and released, primarily on two farms located within their typical geographical distribution. Health assessments were performed on samples from 370 birds. Serology revealed no antibodies against Newcastle disease, and Salmonella spp. cultures were negative. Real-time polymerase chain reactions detected M. gallisepticum in samples from seven birds. Atoxoplasma spp. and Acuaria spp. infections, sepsis, and trauma were the top causes of bird death. About 6% of the released birds were recaptured, within an average period of 249 days after release, and at a mean distance of 2,397 meters from the release sites. The majority of these birds were found with free-living mates within or close to fragments of transitional ecoregions with native or cultivated grasslands, and native groves/forests, and shrublands. However, eucalyptus plantations with rich understory regeneration provided a suitable environment for the released forest species to settle, since they were recaptured during the defense of these sites. Over half of the recaptured birds presented behavioral profiles with both dominant and tame traits. Birds with dominant traits are more likely to settle in habitats and face the live decoys during fieldwork, whereas birds with tame characteristics tend to accept close contact with humans. Ultramarine grosbeak (Cyanoloxia brissonii), the least common species among those released, at the release sites showed an almost 2-fold recapture rate in the shortest mean distances from the release sites. This suggests less territory competition, perhaps a major factor of bird re-establishment here. The total per-bird cost was USD 57. Our findings suggested suitable survival and re-establishment of confiscated songbirds in the wild, when managed as we describe.

暂无摘要。