Background: Symptom accommodation by family members (FMs) of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) includes FMs\' participation in patients\' avoidance/safety behaviours and constraining self-expression to minimise conflict, potentially maintaining patients\' symptoms. The Significant Others\' Responses to Trauma Scale (SORTS) is the only existing measure of accommodation in PTSD but has not been rigorously psychometrically tested.Objective: We aimed to conduct further psychometric analyses to determine the factor structure and overall performance of the SORTS. Method: We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using a sample of N = 715 FMs (85.7% female, 62.1% White, 86.7% romantic partners of individuals with elevated PTSD symptoms).Results: After dropping cross-loading items, results indicated good fit for a higher-order model of accommodation with two factors: an anger-related accommodation factor encompassed items related largely to minimising conflict, and an anxiety-related accommodation factor encompassed items related primarily to changes to the FM\'s activities. Accommodation was positively related to PTSD severity and negatively related to relationship satisfaction, although the factors showed somewhat distinct associations. Item Response Theory analyses indicated that the scale provided good information and robust coverage of different accommodation levels.Conclusions: SORTS data should be analysed as both a single score as well as two factors to explore the factors\' potential differential performance across treatment and relationship outcomes.
We examined the Significant Others’ Responses to Trauma Scale (SORTS), a measure of symptom accommodation in PTSD, among a large sample of family members.As measured by the SORTS, accommodation in PTSD could be broken down into two aspects: anger-related accommodation and anxiety-related accommodation.Accommodation was positively related to PTSD severity and negatively related to relationship satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: Normal quality of life is an ultimate target in the therapeutic approach to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), encompassing Crohn\'s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in the context of which regular physical activity (PA) is often a chimeric parameter that is not standardized in terms of quality/quantity. The study aimed to profile a sample of IBD patients about the relationship between PA-partner status and social network support.
METHODS: A post hoc analysis of the \"BE-FIT-IBD\" study was set up by stratifying the data of PA with that of partner status and the support that the patient\'s social network (i.e., relatives, friends) provided in inciting the patient to practice regular PA.
RESULTS: In the 219 patients included, there was a greater tendency for patients with stable partners to view the risk of reactivation/worsening of IBD as a barrier to conducting regular PA (p<0.0001). Single patients considered PA more as a protective factor (p=0.045). Patients without a PA-supporting social network retained IBD-related treatment as a PA barrier (p=0.016) and PA as a risk for IBD complications (p=0.01), with less confidence that PA could improve the course of IBD (p<0.001). Rectal syndrome was an IBD-related barrier more represented in patients with PA-deterring social network (p<0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: These factors are potential targets for recovering the IBD patient\'s adherence to regular PA.

Background: Non-marital romantic relationship dissolutions (RRDs) are common among emerging adult students (EAS) and may result in severe distress and suicidality. However, studies on RRDs in youth are limited to mental health sequelae of depression and prolonged grief. Little is known about the association between RRDs and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and how this compares to posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatogenic event.Objective: We aimed to determine the association between RRDs and PTSS in an EAS sample; and how this compared to the association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition (DSM-5) traumatic event.Method: University students (N = 2,022; female = 71.1%; 18-25 years) completed a demographic and relationship questionnaire, the Life Events Checklist, the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL). We compared EAS with an RRD (n = 886) or a DSM-5 criterion A traumatic event (n = 592) against a control group (n = 544) exposed to a non-traumatic stressful life event. Utilising ANOVAs and Pearson\'s correlations we determined demographic and clinical variables associated with PTSS. ANCOVA and stepwise hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine between-group differences in PTSS.Results: Total trauma exposure and adverse childhood experiences, sex, monthly income, sexual orientation, and attachment style were significantly associated with PTSS. The RRD group had significantly higher PCL scores compared to the DSM and control groups. The mean PCL scores for both the RRD and DSM groups were above the cut-off score of 33, consistent with a probable posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis. Significantly more RRD participants (72.9%) scored above the cut-off score of 33 than DSM-5 Trauma Group participants (55.4%).Conclusion: An RRD is a potentially traumatic event and is significantly associated with PTSS, similar to a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis.
Students may experience non-marital romantic relationship breakups as very painful, with various negative psychological, physical, and academic consequences. However, their painful experiences are often trivialised as something to ‘just get over’ and not acknowledged as potentially traumatic. Yet, using an attachment theory framework, breakups can be reconceptualised as subjectively traumatic.We explored the differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms of students who experienced a breakup, a traumatic event (as defined in psychiatry), and other non-traumatic life events. Students who experienced a breakup reported significantly highly posttraumatic stress symptoms.Acknowledging students’ pain following a self-defined traumatic breakup can increase help-seeking behaviour and reduce the risk of intergenerational attachment trauma. Our findings warrant further research of breakups as potentially traumatogenic events.

BACKGROUND: The sexual life of a couple is a dynamic entity, in which the two influence each other mutually, thus the existence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) can influence the treatment of the man who seeks clinical help. Identify sexual dysfunction in female partners of patients attending an andrology clinic may provide a therapeutic opportunity. The authors aim to assess proportion of FSD in this population by comparison with a control group.
METHODS: A longitudinal study over 12 months timespan. The female partners of patients attending the andrology clinic participating in the study (study group - SG) completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), as did the women serving as controls (control group - CG). Further data such as age, duration and quality of the relationship and previous relationships was also collected.
RESULTS: Of the 30 women included in the SG, 14 (46.6%) considered that their current sex life was worse than in previous relationships. Of the 20 women in the CG, 60% considered that their current sex life was better. In the SG, 22 (73.3%) had FSD, with a mean score in the FSFI of 20.5, whereas only 3 women in the CG (15%) had FSD, with a mean score of 30.7 (p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the proportion of FSD in female partners of patients attending an andrology clinic is significantly higher than control group. FSD treatment should be considered as a therapeutic opportunity for the couple in this setting.

To examine the opinions, attitudes and perceptions of patients regarding the diagnosis and treatment protocols of erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE) and their interaction with the urology specialists.
Observational, national and multicentric study based on a self-designed online questionnaire in which ED and PE patients described their perception of ED and PE at diagnosis and during treatment and monitoring, the patient-physician relationship and the role of the patient\'s partner in the course of the disease.
306 ED and 70 PE participants were recruited. After the occurrence of the first symptoms, the time elapsed until the patient decided to go to the doctor was 28.6 months for PE and 14.0 months for ED (p<0.001). ED patients saw physicians more frequently (especially those aged between 60 and 69 years: 60.7%, p<0.001) than PE patients (52.1% vs 36.8%, respectively; p<0.001) and discussed this problem with their partner more (34.0% vs 22.8%, p<0.001). These disorders were mainly diagnosed at the urologist\'s office (ED: 74.8% vs 42.5%; PE: 75.7% vs 34.3%; diagnosis vs detection). One third of all participants reported that the sexual problem was not the main reason for the visit. The time elapsed between the first consultation for related symptoms and therapy was 8.7 months (oral drugs) and 7.6 months (dapoxetine) for ED and PE, respectively. ED patients and their partners felt particularly better once treatment had started (p<0.001). PE patients presented the highest degree of sexual dissatisfaction (78%). 50% of the patients agreed with the statement that initiating a discussion about sexual concerns was regarded as taboo and most of them did not say that their partner had encouraged them to seek medical advice.
A concerted effort is called for to expand ED and PE patients\' proactivity in taking care of their own and their partner\'s sexual health. Current therapies would appear to have a benefit in couples\' sexual relationships.

Couple relationship standards (beliefs about what makes for a satisfying couple relationship) have not included standards held about religion, which is surprising given how important religion is in many parts of the world. In the current study, we developed the Importance of Religion in Couple Relationships Scale (IRCRS) with the aim of having a scale suitable for use across different cultural and religious groups. The IRCRS was administered to three samples: 354 Pakistani residents (178 females, 176 males) who identified as Muslim; 274 Thai residents (157 females, 117 males) who identified as Buddhist; and 165 Westerners (resident in Australia or the United States, 60 males, 105 females) who identified as either not religious (n = 74) or Christian (n = 91). We developed a 13-item measure with a two level structure yielding an overall importance of religion score. The items in the IRCRS had acceptable cross-cultural structural invariance in a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis of the Pakistani Muslims, Thai Buddhists, and Westerners. Pakistani Muslims endorsed IRCRS standards most strongly, Western Christians next most strongly, Thai Buddhists next, and Westerners with no religion least strongly. There were no gender differences, and only very small differences by relationship status. The IRCRS can be used in future research to investigate the association of religious relationship standards with couple relationship satisfaction and might be a useful clinical tool to assess the importance of religion to couples.
Los estándares de las relaciones de pareja (las creencias acerca de lo que conduce a una relación de pareja satisfactoria) no han incluido los estándares relacionados con la religión, lo cual es sorprendente teniendo en cuenta cuán importante es la religión en muchas partes del mundo. En el presente estudio desarrollamos la Escala de la Importancia de la Religión en las Relaciones de Pareja (IRCRS, por sus siglas en inglés) con el objetivo de tener una escala apta para el uso en diferentes grupos religiosos y culturales. Se administró la IRCRS a tres muestras: 354 residentes pakistaníes (178 mujeres, 176 hombres) que se identificaron como musulmanes; 274 residentes tailandeses (157 mujeres, 117 hombres) que se identificaron como budistas; y 165 occidentales (residentes en Australia o en EE. UU., 60 hombres, 105 mujeres) que se identificaron como irreligiosos (n = 74) o como cristianos (n = 91). Desarrollamos una escala de 13 ítems con una estructura de dos niveles que da un puntaje de la importancia general de la religión. Los ítems de la IRCRS tuvieron una invarianza estructural intercultural aceptable en un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo de los musulmanes pakistaníes, los budistas tailandeses y los occidentales. Los musulmanes pakistaníes confirmaron los estándares de la IRCRS más marcadamente, luego le siguieron los cristianos occidentales, los budistas tailandeses y finalmente los occidentales irreligiosos. No hubo diferencias de género y solo muy pequeñas diferencias según el estado civil. La IRCRS puede utilizarse en investigaciones futuras para averiguar la asociación de los estándares religiosos de las relaciones con la satisfacción con la relación de pareja, y podría ser una herramienta clínica útil para evaluar la importancia de la religión para las parejas.
伴侣关系的标准(关于是什么造就了令人满意的伴侣关系的信仰)没有包括宗教的标准，考虑到宗教在世界上许多地方的重要性，这是令人惊讶的。在本研究中，我们研制了宗教在伴侣关系中的重要性量表(IRCRS)，目的是建立一个适用于不同文化和宗教群体的量表。IRCRS对三类样本人群进行了测试: 354名巴基斯坦居民(178名女性，176名男性)，他们被确定为穆斯林;274名泰国居民(157名女性，117名男性)认定为佛教徒;165名西方人(居住在澳大利亚或美国，60名男性，105名女性)认为自己不是宗教信徒(n = 74)，也不是基督徒(n = 91)。我们编制了一个包含13个项目的两级结构的测量方法，得出了宗教分数的整体重要性。在巴基斯坦穆斯林、泰国佛教徒和西方人的多组验证性因素分析中，IRCRS中的项目具有可接受的跨文化结构不变性。巴基斯坦穆斯林最支持IRCRS标准，其次是西方基督徒，泰国佛教徒，没有宗教信仰的西方人最不支持IRCRS标准。性别方面也没有差异，只有关系状态方面的微小差异。IRCRS可用于未来的研究，以探讨宗教关系标准与伴侣关系满意度之间的关系，并可能成为一个有用的临床工具，用于评估宗教对伴侣关系重要性。.

During the recent COVID-19 outbreak in Spain, we explored the individual and relational well-being of people confined together with their partners and/or children during the first 3 weeks of state-regulated lockdown. Adults 18 years or older (N = 407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State-Trait Anxiety and Beck Depression) and relationship functioning-either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and coparental functions. Qualitative analyses of responses to an open-ended question about perceived changes in couple or family dynamics during lockdown revealed nine specific themes comprising two overarching categories: relational improvement and deterioration. The overall prevalence of improvement themes (61.7%) exceeded deterioration themes (41.0%), with increased (re)connection and conflict atmosphere cited most often. Quantitative analyses found elevated levels of state anxiety but not trait anxiety or depression during lockdown. Consistent with the qualitative results, couples having no children at home reported high levels of dyadic adjustment, but with children present CERFB parental functioning exceeded conjugal functioning, a pattern sometimes associated with child triangulation into adult conflicts. Although correlates of psychological distress (e.g., unemployment, perceived economic risk) were relatively stable across subgroups, predictors of relationship functioning varied substantially with household/parental status (e.g., telecommuting and employment facilitated conjugal functioning only for couples with children).
Durante el reciente brote de la COVID-19 en España, analizamos el bienestar individual y relacional de las personas confinadas con sus parejas o hijos durante las primeras tres semanas de confinamiento regulado por el estado. Un grupo de adultos mayores de 18 años (N=407) completó una encuesta con datos demográficos, información sobre la vivienda y el empleo, evaluaciones estandarizadas de distrés psicológico (ansiedad-rasgo y ansiedad-estado, depresión de Beck) y funcionamiento familiar (la Escala de ajuste diádico si no había niños en la vivienda o un Cuestionario básico de evaluación de las relaciones familiares (CERFB) que miden las funciones conyugales, parentales y coparentales. Los análisis cualitativos de las respuestas a una pregunta abierta acerca de los cambios percibidos en la dinámica de pareja o familiar durante el confinamiento revelaron nueve temas específicos que comprenden dos categorías dominantes: la mejora y el deterioro relacional. La prevalencia general de los temas de mejora (61.7 %) excedió los temas de deterioro (41.0 %), y se mencionó con más frecuencia una mayor (re)conexión y un ambiente de conflicto. Los análisis cuantitativos indicaron niveles elevados de ansiedad-estado pero no de ansiedad-rasgo ni de depresión durante el confinamiento. De acuerdo con los resultados cualitativos, las parejas que no tienen hijos en la casa informaron niveles altos de ajuste diádico, pero con los niños presentes, el funcionamiento parental del CERFB excedió el funcionamiento conyugal, un patrón asociado a veces con la triangulación de los niños en los conflictos de los adultos. Aunque las relaciones de distrés psicológico (p. ej.: desempleo, riesgo económico percibido) fueron relativamente estables entre los subgrupos, los predictores del funcionamiento relacional variaron considerablemente con la situación habitacional/parental (p. ej: el teletrabajo y el empleo facilitaron el funcionamiento conyugal solo en el caso de las parejas con niños).
最近在COVID-19新冠肺炎爆发期间的西班牙，我们探索了在国家管控封城禁足的头三个星期里，在人们与其伴侣和/或儿童一起被关闭起来的情况下，个体的健康状况和关系的健康情况。407位18岁或以上的成年人(N=407) 完成了一项在线调查，内容包括人口、家庭和就业信息，还有标准化的心理困扰量表(状态-特质焦虑、贝克抑郁)以及关系功能----如果家庭中没有儿童，则采用二分调整量表，或者基本家庭关系评估问卷(CERFB)测量夫妻、父母和共同父母的功能。本研究对一个开放式问题的回答作了定性分析，结果揭示了9个特定的主题，两个大的类别即关系得到改善和关系走向恶化两种。使用的问题是关于伴侣关系方面或家庭互动方面发生的可觉察变化。关系有改善的主题占了主导，达测量对象的61.7%，超过了关系有所恶化的主题(占41.0%)，其中最常提到的是相互之间的（重新）连接增强了 ，还有更多的冲突情况。定量分析研究发现，在管制禁闭期间，情绪状态型的焦虑水平升高，但生理特质性焦虑或生理性抑郁的水平没有升高。与定性研究结果相一致的是，没有孩子的家庭报告了高水平的二元适应，但有孩子的情况下，问卷中归纳出的为人父母的功能超过了配偶的功能，这种模式有时和儿童构成的三角关系演变成成人冲突。虽然心理压力的相关因素(如失业、感知到的经济风险)在各个亚群体中相对稳定，但关系功能的预测因素因家庭/父母现状而显著不同(例如，远程办公和就业促进的婚姻功能仅适用于有孩子的夫妇)。.

To analyse health differences among partnered individuals in Spain aged 65-81 considering their combined (education of both partners and age gap) and household (economic capacity of the household) characteristics.
A cross-sectional study of the 2015 Spanish sample of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (EU-SILC) on partnered individuals aged 65-81 years (N=1787). Using logistic regression models separately for women and men we obtained odds and predicted probabilities of having less than good health (95% confidence intervals) according to combined information from both partners on education and age, the household\'s economic capacity and partner\'s health status.
Probabilities of not having good health are significantly less among lower educated women whose partners are more highly educated (compared to both partners being lower educated) and among women whose partner is younger or has good health status. The latter also applies to men. Living in a household without economic difficulties also favours health (both sexes).
For both sexes a partner\'s health status is the variable that shows the largest effect on elderly partnered Spanish people\'s health but women\'s health appears to be more sensitive to their partner\'s educational attainment and the household\'s economic situation.

While the efficacy of couple therapy has been repeatedly demonstrated, most distressed couples do not seek treatment. To improve reach and overcome barriers to therapy, Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) was translated into a web-based program, OurRelationship (OR). While both IBCT and OR have been shown to improve relationship and individual functioning, the goal of the present study was to compare the relative cost effectiveness of these two treatment modalities. In IBCT, 74% of couples experienced reliable improvement, compared to 55% of couples in OR. Within-group Cohen\'s d effect sizes during treatment for relationship satisfaction were d = 0.87 for IBCT and d = 0.96 for OR. Relative cost effectiveness analyses revealed that even at the highest expense estimates for OR and the lowest expense estimates for IBCT, OR was more cost effective in creating reliable improvement once at least 229 couples were served and was more cost effective in creating large-size effects once at least 153 couples were served. Cost-effectiveness increases for both IBCT and OR as more couples are served; however, this cost savings occurs at a much more rapid rate for OR. These findings demonstrate that despite higher initial development costs, Internet programs are a cost-effective option for dissemination either as a stand-alone service or as an initial intervention in a stepped care model with more intensive in-person services.
Si bien la eficacia de la terapia de pareja se ha demostrado repetidamente, la mayoría de las parejas con distrés no recurren a un tratamiento. Para mejorar el alcance y superar los obstáculos para la terapia, la terapia conductual integradora de pareja (IBCT) se tradujo en un programa basado en la web, denominado en inglés: OurRelationship, OR (“Nuestra relación”). Si bien tanto la IBCT (Christensen, Atkins, Berns, Wheeler, Baucom, & Simpson, 2004) como el programa OR (Doss et al., 2016) han demostrado mejorar la relación y el funcionamiento individual, el objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la conveniencia económica relativa de estas dos modalidades de tratamiento. En la IBCT, el 74 % de las parejas experimentaron una mejora fiable en comparación con el 55 % de las parejas del programa OR. Los tamaños del efecto de la d de Cohen dentro del grupo durante el tratamiento para la satisfacción con la relación fueron d = 0.87 para la IBCT y d = 0.96 para el programa OR. Los análisis de conveniencia económica relativa revelaron que incluso teniendo en cuenta los cálculos de mayor gasto del OR y los de menor gasto de la IBCT, el OR fue más económico a la hora de crear una mejora fiable una vez que se atendió al menos a 229 parejas y fue más económico a la hora de crear grandes tamaños del efecto una vez que se atendió a, por lo menos, 153 parejas. La conveniencia económica aumenta tanto para la IBCT como para el OR a medida que se atiende a más parejas; sin embargo, estos ahorros en los costos se producen a un ritmo mucho más rápido para el OR. A pesar de tener costos iniciales de desarrollo más altos, los programas de internet son una opción económica para su difusión como servicio independiente o como una intervención inicial en un modelo de atención escalonado con más servicios intensivos en persona.
虽然伴侣心理咨询的有效性不断被证实,大多数有困扰的伴侣都不寻求治疗。为了增进影响并克服咨询障碍,“整合行为伴侣心理咨询(IBCT)”被翻译成为一个网络为基础的项目,“我们的关系”(OR)。虽然IBCT(Christensen, Atkins, Berns, Wheeler, Baucom, & Simpson, 2004) 和OR(Doss et al., 2016)被表明会改善关系和个人功能,该研究的目的是比较这两个治疗模型的相对效益。在IBCT中,74%的伴侣经历了可靠改善,而OR中55%的伴侣经历了改善。治疗过程中关系满意度小组中Cohen效应是IBCT中d = 0.87,OR中d = 0.96。相对效应分析显示即使是OR最高开支预算和IBCT最低开支预算相比,在229对伴侣接受治疗后OR在创造可靠改善方面也比IBCT合算,而在153对伴侣接受治疗后OR在创造大程度效果方面比IBCT合算。接受治疗的伴侣越多,IBCT和OR的效益越高。然而,OR成本节约速度更快。虽然起初发展成本较高,网络项目无论是作为独立服务还是分布治疗模型中和深入亲身治疗相结合的初步干预措施,都是一个经济有效的选择。.

BACKGROUND: In this article the authors explore the different vicissitudes in the construction of the infidelity experience.
OBJECTIVE: Increase knowledge concerning infidelity beyond existing topics in the literature. Deepen the understanding of infidelity towards a sort of complexity that includes contextual aspects of each couple.
METHODS: A qualitative analysis of different cases of couples having experienced infidelity.
CONCLUSIONS: Infidelity is a painful couple event requiring an individualized understanding of its construction process.