Pain experience increases individuals\' perception and contagion of others\' pain, but whether pain experience affects individuals\' affiliative or antagonistic responses to others\' pain is largely unknown. Additionally, the neural mechanisms underlying how pain experience modulates individuals\' responses to others\' pain remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of pain experience on individuals\' responses to others\' pain and the underlying neural mechanisms. By comparing locomotion, social, exploration, stereotyped, and anxiety-like behaviors of mice without any pain experience (naïve observers) and mice with a similar pain experience (experienced observers) when they observed the pain-free demonstrator with intraperitoneal injection of normal saline and the painful demonstrator with intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, we found that pain experience of the observers led to decreased social avoidance to the painful demonstrator. Through whole-brain c-Fos quantification, we discovered that pain experience altered neuronal activity and enhanced functional connectivity in the mouse brain. The analysis of complex network and graph theory exhibited that functional connectivity networks and activated hub regions were altered by pain experience. Together, these findings reveal that neuronal activity and functional connectivity networks are involved in the modulation of individuals\' responses to others\' pain by pain experience.

Previous studies demonstrated that laboratory rats could visually receive emotional pain signals from conspecifics through pictorial stimuli. The present study examined whether a prior painful emotional experience of the receiver influenced the sensitivity of emotional expression recognition in laboratory rats. The experiment comprised four phases: the baseline preference test, pain manipulation test, post-manipulation preference test, and state anxiety test. In the baseline phase, the rats explored an apparatus comprising two boxes to which pictures of pain or neutral expressions of other conspecifics were attached. In the pain manipulation phase, each rat was allocated to one of three conditions: foot shock alone (pained-alone; PA), foot shock with other unfamiliar conspecifics (pained-with-other; PWO), or no foot shock (control). In the post-manipulation phase, the animals explored the apparatus in the same manner as they did in the baseline phase. Finally, an open-field test was used to measure state anxiety. These findings indicate that rats in the PWO group stayed longer per entry in a box with photographs depicting a neutral disposition than in a box with photographs depicting pain after manipulation. The results of the open-field test showed no significant differences between the groups, suggesting that the increased sensitivity to pain expression in other individuals due to pain experiences in social settings was not due to increased primary state anxiety. Furthermore, the results indicate that rats may use a combination of self-painful experiences and the states of other conspecifics to process the emotional signal of pain from other conspecifics. In addition, changes in the responses of rats to facial expressions in accordance with social experience suggest that the expression function of rats is not only used for emotional expressions but also for communication.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is persistent or recurrent pain lasting longer than 3 months. The experience of temporomandibular disorder (TMD)-related pain is modulated by emotional and social factors, with mindfulness encapsulating these aspects.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between cognitive-behavioural-emotional characteristics, mindfulness and the painful experience in women with chronic pain-related TMD.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 90 women aged between 18 and 61 years old, diagnosed with chronic pain-related TMD according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder, considering both temporomandibular joint and muscle pain. Specific instruments were employed to assess cognitive-behavioural-emotional aspects. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire scales evaluated the level and construct of mindfulness. The relationship between variables was analysed using bivariate association tests (.05 > p < .20), followed by multiple regression tests (p < .05).
RESULTS: The heightened experience of pain correlated with increasing age, a low level of education, the attribution of the locus of control by chance, and lower levels of mindfulness (p < .05). The heightened experience of pain was negatively influenced by mindfulness levels (p < .05). On the other hand, the painful experience was mainly influenced by facets describing negative formulation, distraction, non-reactivity and non-judgement (p < .05).
CONCLUSIONS: Demographic, cognitive-behavioural-emotional data and levels of mindfulness and its facets presented different influence weights on the painful experience. These findings provide support for future studies focusing on mindfulness strategies, education and pain management in women with chronic pain-related TMD.

Patients with lung cancer surgery often suffer pain after discharge. However, there is limited evidence to describe the pain experience from the qualitative investigation. This study was designed to describe the pain experience of lung cancer patients during home recovery after surgery and to provide evidence for developing pain management strategies.
This qualitative descriptive study recruited 35 patients who had received lung resection and were discharged by purposive sampling from May to July 2022. Mobile phone interviews were conducted to collect views on patients\' pain experience after discharge. The interviews were audio-recorded and converted verbatim into standard text, and the data were iteratively thematic analyzed.
A thematic framework was identified for three themes: perception and impact of pain, coping styles for pain, and unmet needs for pain. Whether short or long-term after discharge, patients complain that they suffer from different degrees and types of pain, causing them a \"double burden\" physically and mentally. The lack of knowledge about pain may lead them to adopt very different coping styles and desire professional continuous pain management.
This study may help clarify the status of pain problems that patients face after lung cancer surgery and provides multiple dimensions of pain assessment and management objectives for quantitative research. We call on medical staff to pay attention to patients\' perspectives and related needs after discharge and formulate targeted management strategies to reduce pain and improve their quality of life.

UNASSIGNED: Topical refrigerant spray is commonly used with routine hand injections despite mixed evidence about its efficacy in reducing the pain experience. We hypothesize that the use of topical refrigerant spray decreases the pain experience of an instantaneous noxious stimulus.
UNASSIGNED: Eighty adult volunteer participants were enrolled in the study. We constructed an instrument using the smooth end of a Kirschner wire mounted to the spring of a ballpoint pen to apply an instantaneous noxious stimulus to the long (middle) finger proximal nail fold. Participants completed two trials and were randomized to receive the topical refrigerant spray before either the first or second stimulus and on either the left or right side. Participants were asked to rate the pain of each experience using an 11-point Likert scale and indicate which condition they preferred, if any.
UNASSIGNED: The mean pain ratings for the spray and no-spray conditions were 2.0 and 4.3, respectively, giving a mean difference of -2.3 (P < .001, α = 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed no significant effect of sex or medical versus nonmedical occupation (P = .28 and .11 respectively) on the mean difference in pain rating between the two conditions. Participants who received the spray first had a higher mean difference in pain rating (2.7) than that in those who received it second (1.9). Fifty-nine participants preferred the spray, whereas 21 participants either preferred no spray or had no preference (P < .0001).
UNASSIGNED: The use of topical refrigerant spray significantly decreased the perception of pain from an instantaneous noxious stimulus. A significant majority of participants also preferred the topical refrigerant spray condition. The use of topical refrigerant spray for painful procedures, such as needle insertions, may improve the overall patient experience.
UNASSIGNED: Therapeutic I.

Pain following eye surgery is often described as being relatively moderate; however, there are also procedures that lead to a pronounced pain experience. Particularly in pediatric patients, pain therapy is often insufficient due to a lack of knowledge and fear of complications. These individual and organizational deficits lead to unnecessary discomfort for children and parents. Each institution providing surgical treatment must have pain management concepts in its portfolio for the appropriate age groups. This includes a child-oriented setting, age-appropriate information, systematic pain assessment, and pain protocols. Pain management should be planned prior to surgery and individually adapted as it progresses. Children have a right to a perioperative course with low stress and pain.
UNASSIGNED: Schmerzen nach Augenoperationen werden häufig als eher gering beschrieben. Allerdings gibt es auch hier Eingriffe, die zu einem ausgeprägten Schmerzerleben führen. Insbesondere bei kindlichen Patienten wird die Schmerztherapie – aus Unwissenheit und Angst vor Komplikationen – häufig insuffizient gestaltet. Diese individuellen und organisatorischen Defizite führen zu unnötigem Stress für Kinder und Eltern. Jede durchführende Institution muss Schmerzkonzepte für die betreuten Altersklassen vorhalten. Hierzu gehören eine kindgerechte Umgebung, altersangepasste Aufklärung, systematische Schmerzerfassung sowie Schmerzschemata. Die Schmerztherapie sollte schon vor der Operation geplant und im Verlauf individuell angepasst werden. Kinder haben ein Recht auf einen stress- und schmerzarmen perioperativen Verlauf.

UNASSIGNED: Chronic pain is a common health problem that can have a significant impact on children and young people\'s daily life. Although research on pediatric chronic pain has been a priority globally, little is known about young people\'s experience of chronic pain in Saudi Arabia. Thus, this article reports on young people\'s experience of chronic pain and the impact on their lives in Saudi Arabia which forms part of a larger study.
UNASSIGNED: Multiple case study design following Yin\'s (2018) approach was used. Purposeful and theoretical sampling were used to recruit young people aged 12 to 18 who had experienced chronic pain for at least three months, their parents, and their school personnel. The young people and their parents were recruited from a tertiary hospital located on the western side of Saudi Arabia while school personnel were recruited from the schools that young people attended. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured face-to-face (n = 15) and telephone interviews (n = 25) from 40 participants (10 young people, 10 parents, and 20 school personnel). Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and translated from Arabic to English. Data were analyzed following two phases: (1) constant comparative analysis; and (2) cross-case analysis based on the work of Charmaz (2014) and Yin (2018) respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Young people\'s experiences of chronic pain were categorized into three themes: (1) experiencing chronic pain; (2) impact of pain on quality of life; and (3) everyday strategies to manage chronic pain. All young people reported that their pain was caused by a chronic condition, where the most prevalent pains were musculoskeletal/joint pain, abdominal pain, and headache/migraine. Most young people had encountered challenges with misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis as to the cause of their chronic pain. They described how their chronic pain interfered with their physical, psychological, and social functioning. They primarily managed their pain with medications and through self-care techniques. The findings also indicated that young people\'s generally positive attitude to their pain reflected their beliefs in Allah\'s power and the belief that such suffering should be borne according to their Islamic culture.
UNASSIGNED: Chronic pain is a significant health phenomenon that tends to restrict the participation of young people in everyday life. However young people used a range of strategies to normalize the pain so that they could continue with their everyday activities like their peers.

The influence of early life factors is becoming increasingly apparent as studies investigate how experiences, resources, and constraints in childhood affect health and well-being later in life. The present study contributes to this literature by examining the association between several early life factors and self-reported pain among older adults in India.
Data come from the 2017-18 wave 1 of the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI). The sample size includes 28,050 older adults aged 60 and above (13,509 men and 14,541 women). Pain is a self-reported, dichotomous measure where participants responded to whether they were often troubled with pain and whether this experience interfered with their ability to carry out daily household chores. Early life factors, which are retrospective accounts of experiences, included the respondent\'s position in birth order, their health status, school absenteeism, being bedridden, family socioeconomic status (SES), and their parent\'s experience with chronic disease. Logistic regression analysis is employed to examine the unadjusted and adjusted average marginal effects (AME) of selected domains of early life factors associated with the probability of experiencing pain.
22.8% of men and 32.3% of women reported pain that interfered with daily activities. Pain was higher among men (AME: 0.01, confidence interval (CI): 0.01-0.03) and women (AME: 0.02, CI: 0.01-0.04) with third or fourth birth order compared to counterparts with first birth order. Both men (AME: -0.02, CI: -0.04-0.01) and women (AME: -0.07, CI: -0.09 - -0.04) having a fair childhood health status reported a lower probability of pain. The probability of pain was higher among both men (AME: 0.03, CI: 0.01-0.07) and women (AME: 0.07, CI: 0.03-0.13) who were bedridden due to sickness in their childhood. Similarly, the pain likelihood was higher among men who missed school for more than a month due to health problems (AME: 0.04, CI: -0.01-0.09). Men and women with poor financial condition in their childhood reported (AME: 0.04, CI: 0.01-0.07) a higher probability of experiencing pain relative to their peers who reported a more financially advantaged early life.
Findings of the present study add to the empirical literature on the association between early life factors and later life health and well-being. They also are pertinent to health care providers and practitioners working in pain management, as this knowledge better positions them to identify older adults most susceptible to pain. Moreover, findings of our study underscore that the interventions to ensure health and well-being in later life must start far earlier in the life course.

UNASSIGNED: Few longitudinal studies have focused on patients\' cancer pain experience when receiving care in a multidisciplinary pain management clinic (MPMC). This study aimed to evaluate the experiences of a cohort of cancer patients newly engaged in a MPMC.
UNASSIGNED: This study was based on a longitudinal approach in which data were collected over a 6 months period at the King Hussein Cancer Centre in Jordan. The study adopted the Arabic version of the Brief Pain Inventory to identify the level and prevalence of cancer pain, and to identify the impact of receiving care at the MPMC on patients\' pain experience. Data were collected over four time points, and the period between these points ranged from 2 to 3 weeks.
UNASSIGNED: The majority of patients demonstrated improvement in their pain after receiving treatment at the MPMC, while a third still experienced severe pain. Significant improvement was reported at T1, and no further decline in pain was noted after this point. This indicates that exposure to the intervention provided by the MPMC generated, on average, an improvement in patients\' pain experience.
UNASSIGNED: The MPMC may be an effective pain management strategy in the treatment of cancer pain.

Medical egg freezing (MEF) allows women with fertility-threatening diseases to have their oocytes cryopreserved and stored for later use. Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease that might cause infertility. Qualitative research on endometriosis patients\' experiences with MEF is minimal. I report on in-depth interviews among French endometriosis patients undertaking MEF. Their experiences are profoundly shaped by endometriosis-related pain. Egg freezing was described as a disease management strategy to cope with potential future infertility integral to their commitment to motherhood. Singlehood was a determining element for agreeing to undertake a physically and psychologically costly \"additional\" medical intervention.