背景:衰老过程引起人类肌肉骨骼系统的神经和形态变化,导致肌肉质量下降,力量和质量。这些改动,再加上肌肉新陈代谢的变化,强调体育锻炼在维持和改善老年人肌肉质量方面的重要作用。肌肉质量的形态学领域包括肌肉结构和组成的肌肉微观和宏观方面的直接评估。有各种工具来估计肌肉质量,每个都有特定的技术要求。然而,由于研究人群和研究方法的异质性,在确定哪些是评估运动干预后肌肉质量的非侵入性和直接工具的参考标准的建立方面存在差距。因此,这篇综述的目的是概述在健康的老年人进行运动干预后直接用于测量肌肉质量的非侵入性工具,以及评估运动对肌肉质量的影响。
方法:为了解决了解和优化衰老个体肌肉质量的必要性,这篇综述概述了在健康老年人运动干预后直接测量肌肉质量的非侵入性工具,以及运动对肌肉质量影响的评估。
结果:纳入34项研究。确定了几种直接肌肉质量评估的方法。值得注意的是,2项研究利用CT,20利用美国,9名采用MRI,2选择了TMG,2采用了肌张力测量法,和1个合并的BIA,几项研究采用了多项测试。探索干预措施,26项研究集中在阻力运动上,4关于有氧训练,5在并行训练上。
结论:直接评估肌肉质量的方法存在显着多样性,主要使用超声和磁共振成像;在运动干预方面表现出一致的积极趋势,表明它们在改善或保持肌肉质量方面的功效。然而,鉴于所研究人群的多样性和方法的差异,缺乏标准化评估标准构成了挑战。.这些数据强调了标准化评估标准的必要性,并强调了旨在优化肌肉质量的运动干预的潜在益处。
BACKGROUND: The aging process induces neural and morphological changes in the human musculoskeletal system, leading to a decline in muscle mass, strength and quality. These alterations, coupled with shifts in muscle metabolism, underscore the essential role of physical exercise in maintaining and improving muscle quality in older adults. Muscle quality\'s morphological domain encompasses direct assessments of muscle microscopic and macroscopic aspects of muscle architecture and composition. Various tools exist to estimate muscle quality, each with specific technical requirements. However, due to the heterogeneity in both the studied population and study methodologies, there is a gap in the establishment of reference standards to determine which are the non-invasive and direct tools to assess muscle quality after exercise interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to obtain an overview of the non-invasive tools used to measure muscle quality directly after exercise interventions in healthy older adults, as well as to assess the effects of exercise on muscle quality.
METHODS: To address the imperative of understanding and optimizing muscle quality in aging individuals, this review provides an overview of non-invasive tools employed to measure muscle quality directly after exercise interventions in healthy older adults, along with an assessment of the effects of exercise on muscle quality.
RESULTS: Thirty four studies were included. Several methods of direct muscle quality assessment were identified. Notably, 2 studies harnessed CT, 20 utilized US, 9 employed MRI, 2 opted for TMG, 2 adopted myotonometry, and 1 incorporated BIA, with several studies employing multiple tests. Exploring interventions, 26 studies focus on resistance exercise, 4 on aerobic training, and 5 on concurrent training.
CONCLUSIONS: There is significant diversity in the methods of direct assessment of muscle quality, mainly using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging; and a consistent positive trend in exercise interventions, indicating their efficacy in improving or preserving muscle quality. However, the lack of standardized assessment criteria poses a challenge given the diversity within the studied population and variations in methodologies.. These data emphasize the need to standardize assessment criteria and underscore the potential benefits of exercise interventions aimed at optimizing muscle quality.