The evolution of carnivorous pitcher traps across multiple angiosperm lineages represents a classic example of morphological convergence. Nevertheless, no comparative study to-date has examined pitcher evolution from a quantitative morphometric perspective.
In the present study, we used comparative morphometric approaches to quantify the shape space occupied by Heliamphora pitchers and to trace evolutionary trajectories through this space to examine patterns of divergence and convergence within the genus. We also investigated pitcher development, and, how the packing of pitchers is affected by crowding, a common condition in their natural environments.
Our results showed that Heliamphora pitchers have diverged along three main axes in morphospace: (1) pitcher curvature; (2) nectar spoon elaboration; and (3) pitcher stoutness. Both curvature and stoutness are correlated with pitcher size, suggesting structural constraints in pitcher morphological evolution. Among the four traits (curvature, spoon elaboration, stoutness, and size), all but curvature lacked phylogenetic signal and showed marked convergence across the phylogeny. We also observed tighter packing of pitchers in crowded conditions, and this effect was most pronounced in curved, slender pitchers.
Overall, our study demonstrates that diversification and convergent evolution of carnivory-related traits extends to finer evolutionary timescales, reinforcing the notion that ecological specialization may not necessarily be an evolutionary dead end.
食虫植物的瓶状捕虫器在不同被子植物谱系中的演化是形态趋同进化的经典案例。然而, 迄今为止还没有研究使用系统发育比较分析法与计量方法来研究瓶状捕虫器的演化。本研究使用了上述手段来研究南美沼泽瓶子草 (Heliamphora) 的瓶状捕虫器是如何占据形态空间, 并在捕虫器的形态空间内追踪它们的演化轨迹, 以研究沼泽瓶子草属捕虫器的趋异与趋同的演化模式。同时, 本研究还探讨了沼泽瓶子草属植株 (捕虫瓶) 的发育模式, 特别是在沼泽瓶子草在原生地的发育是如何受到种群密度过高 (拥挤) 的影响。本研究的结果表明, 沼泽瓶子草属捕虫瓶在形态空间里沿着三个主要形态轴分化:捕虫瓶的弯曲度、蜜匙的精细程度和捕虫瓶的粗壮程度。捕虫瓶的弯曲度和粗壮度均与瓶子的大小相关, 表明捕虫瓶在形态进化中存在结构约束。在这四个形态特征中 (捕虫瓶曲率、蜜匙精细程度、捕虫瓶粗壮度与大小), 除了捕虫瓶曲率, 其他的形态特征都没有显示系统发育信号。在南美沼泽瓶子草属的进化中, 蜜匙精细程度、捕虫瓶粗壮度与大小都显示了趋同演化。本研究还阐明了瓶子草植株在拥挤条件下, 捕虫瓶会更加紧密地排列, 而且这种效应在有着弯曲、细长的捕虫瓶的物种中最为显著。总体来说, 本研究显示与食肉有关的特征的趋异和趋同演化发生在更微观的时间尺度上, 也表明了生态专化或许并不是生物进化的死胡同。.