Abstract：
Sexes often have differing fitness optima, potentially generating intra-locus sexual conflict, as each sex bears a genetic \'load\' of alleles beneficial to the other sex. One strategy to evaluate conflict in the genome is to artificially select populations discordantly, against established sexual dimorphism, reintroducing attenuated conflict. We investigate a long-term artificial selection experiment reversing sexual size dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster during ~350 generations of sexually discordant selection. We explore morphological and genomic changes to identify loci under selection between the sexes in discordantly and concordantly size selected treatments. Despite substantial changes to overall size, concordant selection maintained ancestral sexual dimorphism. However, discordant selection altered size dimorphism in a trait-specific manner. We observe multiple, possible soft selective sweeps in the genome, with size related genes showing signs of selection. Patterns of genomic differentiation between the sexes within lineages identified potential sites maintained by sexual conflict. One discordant selected lineage shows a pattern of elevated genomic differentiation between males and females, on chromosome 3L, consistent with the maintenance of sexual conflict. Our results suggest visible signs of conflict and differentially segregating alleles between the sexes due to discordant selection.
摘要：
性别通常有不同的健身最佳状态，可能会产生场所内的性冲突，因为每个性别都有一个对另一个性别有益的等位基因的遗传“负荷”。评估基因组冲突的一种策略是不协调地人为选择种群，反对既定的性二态，重新引入减弱的冲突。我们研究了一项长期的人工选择实验，该实验在约350代性不一致的选择过程中逆转了果蝇的性别大小二态性。我们探索形态和基因组变化，以在不一致和一致大小的选择治疗中确定性别之间选择的基因座。尽管整体尺寸发生了重大变化，一致的选择保持了祖先的性二态。然而,不一致的选择以性状特异性的方式改变了大小二态性。我们观察到多个，可能在基因组中进行软选择性扫描，与大小相关的基因显示出选择的迹象。谱系内性别之间的基因组分化模式确定了由性冲突维持的潜在位点。一个不一致的选择谱系显示了男性和女性之间基因组分化的模式，在3L染色体上，与性冲突的维持相一致。我们的结果表明，由于选择不一致，性别之间存在明显的冲突和差异分离等位基因的迹象。
