暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Stem cells from various sources including major salivary glands have been used to establish pancreatic differentiation in an attempt to provide new treatment options for patients with diabetes mellitus. In contrast, the potential of using the more easily accessible intraoral minor salivary glands has not been evaluated so far.
METHODS: Salivary stem cells were isolated from normal labial minor salivary glands that were removed during the excision of a mucocele and were attempted to differentiate into pancreatic cell lines using a culture medium enriched with activin A, retinoic acid and GLP-1.Real time RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of the genes of pancreatic transcription factors MafA, Ptf1a, Hb9 and Arx. Complementary, 22 labial minor salivary gland paraffin-embedded specimens were examined using immunohistochemistry for the presence of the relevant gene products of the pancreatic transcription factors Arx, MafA, Ptf1a and Pdx1.
RESULTS: The differentiated salivary stem cells(cells of passage 3) expressed the genes of the pancreatic transcription factors MafA, Ptf1a, Hb9 and Arx even on the first day of the experiment while immunohistochemistry also confirmed the presence of the protein products of Arx, MafA, Ptf1a as well as Pdx1[> 50% of the specimens for Arx(5/8) and MafA(7/8), < 50% for Ptf1a(5/11) and Pdx1(5/11)] in ducts, mesenchymal connective tissue and acinar cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Labial minor salivary glands may share gene and protein characteristics with pancreas suggesting a possible usefulness for pancreatic regeneration or substitution in cases of deficiency.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a malignant tumor that arises from the salivary glands. The recommended treatment strategy typically involves surgical intervention, sometimes complemented by radiotherapy, depending on the histological grade of the tumor. A case of a 22-year-old female patient without medical history was described. The clinical examination revealed a bluish lesion located on the hard palate. The histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Resection of the lesion was performed and oro-nasal communication was immediately closed by a prosthetic obturator and later on by a rotational palate flap. The patient was followed up for 12 months, and there was no evidence of any recurrence. This article highlights the importance of prompt clinical diagnosis of such lesions and provides an opportunity to review these cancer therapeutic measures to reduce postoperative morbidity.

BACKGROUND: Cystadenoma of the salivary glands is a rare benign clinical condition affecting both major and minor salivary glands equally. It constitutes approximately 2% of total neoplasms and 4.2-4.7% of benign formations in minor salivary glands. Typically presenting as a slow-growing, painless neoplasm, it can be distinguished from Cystadenolymphoma (Whartin\'s Tumor) by the absence of lymphoid elements in histological examination. While mostly located in the oral cavity and oropharynx, it can also be found in sinonasal mucosa, and rare cases have been identified in the larynx.
METHODS: A 75-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the ear, nose, and throat department with complaints of dysphonia and headaches persisting for several months. Dysphonia had developed months after an unspecified vocal cord surgery elsewhere. Flexible laryngoscopy identified a left-sided cystic swelling affecting the supraglottic space, leading to respiratory obstruction and dysphonia. Head and neck computed tomography confirmed a 1.9 × 1.7 cm bilobed cystic mass originating from the left Morgagni ventricle. Microlaryngoscopy with CO2 laser excision and biopsy revealed a histopathological diagnosis of oncocytic papillary cystadenoma. Post-surgery, the patient fully recovered from dysphonia, with no significant complications noted. Long-term clinical surveillance was advised to detect potential recurrences promptly.
CONCLUSIONS: Ectopic minor salivary gland tumors, both benign and malignant, should be taken into consideration as potential differential diagnosis for any swelling arising within the upper digestive tract mucosa. Ears, nose, and throat clinical examination completed by videolaryngoscopy can easily point out the location of the mass. Imaging is mandatory for differential diagnosis and for surgical planning. Surgical excision can provide both diagnosis and definitive cure.

There are major and minor salivary glands that aid in the digestive process. Major glands are discrete and exist in predictable locations; minor salivary glands are more widespread and usually found dispersed in the mucosa of the mouth. Glands have their own contractile abilities, which allow them to secrete products without the assistance of vasculature or skeletal, or smooth muscle. This study will describe a cadaveric histological specimen in which an ectopic buccal gland was embedded within bucinator muscle fibers. Potential causes and explanations for this finding will be discussed, as well.

BACKGROUND: Intraoral adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) arising from minor salivary glands (MSG) is a rare malignancy associated with delayed diagnosis and unfavorable outcomes. This study aimed to comprehensively review ACC of MSGs, focusing on clinical characteristics, imaging modalities, treatment approaches, and long-term outcomes.
METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE databases to identify relevant articles reporting cases of ACC of MSGs between January 1997 and March 2023. The study was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023449478). A total of 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected for critical review. In total, 902 patients were diagnosed with ACC of MSGs with an age range of 44.3 to 63 years, and an average age of 56.6 years. The female to male ratio ranges from 1:1 to 2.4:1. Regarding the primary site of ACC, the palate was the most common location, accounting for 30.5% to 83.3%, followed by the buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, and lip and the retromolar area. For histology, the solid mass pattern was the most prevalent, seen in 95.2% of patients, followed by the cribriform pattern. Regarding treatment modalities, surgery was the most common approach, applied in 76.3% of cases, with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy used in 29.0% of cases. A smaller fraction, 3.2%, received a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, and 8.3% underwent radiotherapy alone. Local recurrence rates varied between 1% and 28.5%, and distant metastasis occurred in 18.2% to 33.3% of cases, predominantly to lymph nodes (14.5%). An analysis of overall survival across various stages and patient numbers indicated a 5-year survival rate of 68.0%. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for physicians in making treatment decisions and emphasize the need for ongoing research and collaborative clinical efforts to improve the management and outcomes of this challenging disease.
CONCLUSIONS: ACC of MSGs is a multifaceted condition typically manifesting as asymptomatic enlargement and ulceration. This disease is marked by distinct histopathological patterns and perineural invasion (PNI). Recognizing these distinctive aspects is key in shaping the treatment plan, which can range from surgical procedures to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and evolving targeted treatments. Continuous research and collaborative clinical efforts remain critical for ongoing progress in the treatment and management of this challenging condition.

BACKGROUND: Polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the second-most common malignant tumour of the minor salivary glands. Although PAC predominantly affects the palate, it can also involve the buccal mucosa. This systematic review aims to investigate the literature data about PAC. Furthermore, we report two cases of patients affected by PAC in an infrequently considered anatomical site.
METHODS: According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Observational studies conducted on patients with a histological diagnosis of PAC were selected and analysed. Furthermore, two cases of patients with PAC affecting the buccal mucosa were reported.
RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies were included, and 143 patients affected by PAC were analysed (62 males, 75 females, and 6 undefined, with a mean age of 57.4 ± 14.5 years). The palate was the most affected site (99/143, 69.2%), followed by the buccal mucosa (12/143, 8.4%). Moreover, we report two cases of patients with PAC affecting the buccal mucosa (one male and one female, with a mean age of 70.5 ± 2.5 years).
CONCLUSIONS: The present study underscores the importance of considering the buccal mucosa as a possible location of minor salivary gland tumours; although it is a less-considered affliction, it is not uncommon.

OBJECTIVE: Non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma (NHL) risk assessment is crucial in Sjögren\'s syndrome (SS). We studied the prevalence of clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in minor salivary glands (MSG) and their correlations with lymphoma occurrence and with previously established NHL predictors.
METHODS: Molecular B-cell expansion was studied in fresh-frozen MSG of 207 patients with either suspected SS or with suspected lymphoma during SS, using a standardised multiplex PCR assay combined with heteroduplex analysis by microcapillary electrophoresis. The assignation of clonal cases was based on EuroClonality consortium guidelines.
RESULTS: Among 207 studied patients, 31 (15%) had MSG monoclonal B-cell infiltration. Monoclonality was significantly more frequent in patients with SS (28/123, 22.8%) compared with patients without SS (3/84, 3.6%, P<0.001). Monoclonal B-cell infiltration in MSG of SS patients correlated significantly with ongoing salivary gland NHL, salivary gland swelling, CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia, rheumatoid factor (RF) activity, low complement levels and type 2 mixed cryoglobulinemia. The accumulation of biological risk factors was associated with a higher rate of MSG B-cell monoclonality given that patients with only positive RF had no probability of MSG B-cell monoclonality, RF-positive patients with 1 or 2 other risk factors had a 25.0% and 85.7% probability of MSG B-cell monoclonality, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The detection of MSG monoclonal B-cell expansion by this easy-to-perform molecular assay is useful, both at the time of diagnosis and during the course of SS. Monoclonal B-cell expansion is associated with a subset of SS patients presenting either ongoing lymphoma or other established lymphoma predictive factors.

Resident stem/progenitor cells within the secretory salivary glands offer a potential therapeutic resource for use in the regeneration of salivary glands needed to restore saliva production in patients with chronic xerostomia, or dry mouth. Methods were developed previously to isolate human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs) from major salivary glands (parotid/submandibular). Abundant minor salivary glands located in readily accessible locations in the oral cavity and lip could provide an additional valuable therapeutic resource. An advantage of this cell resource is that these minor glands about the size of grape seeds can be harvested from healthy donors using minimally invasive surgical procedures. The disadvantage of using minor glands is that they contain many fewer cells than do major glands, and thus harvested cells need to be expanded in the lab to create a therapeutic resource. While earlier work has described isolation of proliferative cell populations from minor salivary glands that could be used in regenerative medicine, most of these expanded cells possess properties of mesenchymal cells rather than the epithelial population that secretes salivary products.Here, we describe in detail our recently established methods to isolate and expand hS/PCs isolated from human labial minor salivary glands. Expanded hS/PC populations are epithelial assessed by their expression of epithelial progenitor markers K5 and K14. Like expandable cell populations previously isolated from the major salivary glands, these cells also express nuclear p63, consistent with their ability to be expanded after explant culture. When hS/PCs with these properties are encapsulated into a customized 3D biomimetic hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel, they will assemble into microstructures that retain some progenitor markers while also beginning to differentiate. The increased expression of secreted mucin MUC-7 was used to demonstrate differentiation and secretory potential in assembled hS/PC microstructures. Compared to hS/PCs from major glands, those from minor salivary glands tend to be more heterogeneous in early passage; thus, use of K5/K14/p63 as an early quality assessment tool is highly recommended. Additionally, hS/PCs from minor glands are sensitive to stress and if mishandled will demonstrate a stress response that leads to their transitioning to a flat, squamous cell-like appearance that is of limited utility in regenerative medicine applications. We conclude that properly handled hS/PCs from minor salivary glands represent a powerful new source of therapeutic cells for applications including treating patients with chronic xerostomia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the indications for neck dissection in the management of parotid, submandibular or minor salivary gland cancers depending on the clinical situation: i.e., clinical lymph node involvement (cN+) or not (cN0); low or high risk of occult nodal metastasis; diagnosis of malignancy before, during or after surgery.
METHODS: The French Network of Rare Head and Neck Tumors (REFCOR) formed a steering group which drafted a narrative review of the literature published on Medline and proposed recommendations. The level of adherence to the recommendations was then assessed by a rating group according to the formal consensus method.
RESULTS: In cN+ salivary gland cancer, ipsilateral neck dissection is recommended. In cN0 salivary gland cancer, ipsilateral neck dissection is recommended, except for tumors at low risk of occult nodal metastasis. If definitive pathology reveals a high risk of occult nodal involvement, additional neck treatment is recommended: ipsilateral neck dissection or elective nodal irradiation.
CONCLUSIONS: The rate of occult lymph node involvement, and therefore the indication for elective neck dissection, depends primarily on the pathologic grade of the salivary gland cancer.