Pseudoaneurysms of the middle rectal artery are rare. When encountered, these have the potential for significant morbidity and mortality due to bleeding and potential rupture. Endovascular embolization is a feasible option in the management of these pseudoaneurysms. The present report describes a case of a 43-year-old male presenting with hemorrhagic shock secondary to lower gastrointestinal bleeding one day after undergoing excision of an external perineal condyloma, incision and drainage of a perirectal abscess, and biopsy of a perianal mass. Angiographic imaging revealed a right middle rectal artery pseudoaneurysm. Selective embolization of the right middle rectal artery and bilateral superior rectal arteries was successfully performed. At the two-week post-embolization follow-up, hemoglobin was stable, and the patient reported normal bowel movements with no episodes of bleeding per rectum.

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Timely diagnosis and establishing the etiology of the LGIB can guide appropriate treatment and management. Our patient is a 91-year-old female who presented to the ER with the complaint of several episodes of hematochezia that started four hours before her presentation. The patient underwent an urgent CT angiography showing active bleeding in the proximal ascending colon. She underwent a super-selective arteriogram followed by embolization of the ascending colon arterial culprit bleeding territory using two coils. Her clinical condition improved, and she had no further episodes of hematochezia. Her case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis of the underlying etiology of a patient presenting with LGIB.

Infection is a common cause of hematochezia in children. While infectious diarrhea can present with bloody stools, it is rare to have the passage of frank blood clots per rectum in the pediatric population. This is a case of a seven-year-old male who presented with vomiting, diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, and passage of blood clots per rectum. As symptoms progressed, consideration of non-infectious causes was investigated and subsequently ruled out. The stool polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for Salmonella species, while stool culture was negative for any enteropathogen. This report highlights the unusual occurrence of the passage of blood clots per rectum in a child with salmonella enterocolitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a common surgical problem requiring hospitalization in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland. The first UK lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) management guidelines were published in 2019 by the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG). We aimed to evaluate self-reported adherence to BSG clinical guidance (CG) within the UK and Ireland.
METHODS: A Questionnaire was designed based on LGIB BSG CG 2019 using Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA). This was distributed to surgical consultants and senior surgical practitioners (specialists, Trust grade registrars, and specialist registrars) across different centers in the UK and Ireland over four weeks (13th March to 5th April 2021). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
RESULTS: A total of 64 responses were recorded from 18 different centers in the UK and Ireland. The ratio of consultants and registrars was almost the same (34:30, 53.1%:46.9%). The majority of respondents were from colorectal surgery (65.6%, n=42) followed by general surgeons (23.4%, n=15). A total of 41 respondents (64.1%) admitted that BSG CG 2019 were practically applicable at their center. Approximately 75% of respondents did not use or were unaware of the Shock index or Oakland score to stratify patients. That translated into 59% opting to admit patients with a minor bleed. Around 36% wanted to perform a CT angiogram for a stable major bleed, while 37% were unaware of the interventional radiology (IR) referral pathway.
CONCLUSIONS: There is patchy adherence to the guidelines leading to significant variations in LGIB management practice and avoidable admissions.

This case report describes a 13-year 10-month-old girl who underwent a deceased-donor split LT for primary diagnosis of biliary atresia at the age of 12 months, who presented with a lower GI bleed. Ultrasound and CT revealed a venous vascular anomaly involving the cecum and ascending colon, with communication of the SMV and pelvic veins consistent with a CEPS. Associated varices were noted in the pelvis along the uterus and urinary bladder. These findings were confirmed by trans-hepatic porto-venography, which was diagnostic and therapeutic as a successful embolization of the CEPS was performed using micro-coils. There were no complications following the procedure and no further GI bleeding occurred, illustrating the efficacy of this treatment option for CEPS. We discuss the literature regarding the presenting complaint of GI bleeding post-LT, CEPS as a rare cause of GI bleeding and its association with PV, and the classification and treatment of CEPS.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent the majority of primary nonepithelial neoplasms of the digestive tract, most frequently expressing the KIT protein detected by immunohistochemical staining for the CD117 antigen. Jejunal GISTs account for approximately 10 % of GISTs. Patients usually present with abdominal discomfort. Jejunal GISTs may cause symptoms secondary to obstruction or hemorrhage. Pressure necrosis and ulceration of the overlying mucosa may cause gastrointestinal bleeding, and patients who experience significant blood loss may suffer from malaise and fatigue. Literature has classified small-bowel GISTs on the basis of size, and various established guidelines have advised conservative management of small jejunal GISTs (<2 cm). We here report the clinical, macroscopic, and immunohistological features of a small jejunal GIST presenting with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a 50-year-old postmenopausal woman necessitating an emergency laparotomy to control the bleed. The management of very small (<2 cm) small-bowel GISTs is controversial. While guidelines are primarily based on the risk of malignancy in GISTs, no guideline predicting the risk of complications in small-bowel GISTs exists. Hence, these tumors should be removed even if incidentally detected.