催乳素是由199个氨基酸组成的多肽激素,由乳营养细胞合成。它的主要作用是对乳腺和性腺轴,但它也会影响不同的器官和系统,特别是代谢功能。目前的文献主要集中在诊断上,监测,和高催乳素血症的治疗。由于缺乏完善的有效治疗低泌乳素血症,临床上没有强调。因此,诊断数据有限。低泌乳素血症与代谢功能障碍有关,如2型糖尿病,脂肪肝,血脂异常,生育问题,性功能障碍,和增加心血管疾病。虽然通常被视为由于垂体损伤而导致的联合激素缺乏的一部分,孤立的催乳素缺乏是罕见的。低泌乳素血症可以作为广泛的垂体损伤和功能障碍的标志。低或不可检测的血清催乳素水平以及促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)刺激测试中缺乏足够的催乳素峰值被认为是低泌乳素血症的诊断。性别似乎会影响基础催乳素水平和TRH刺激测试反应。基础催乳素水平,至少,男性5ng/mL和女性7ng/mL可用作正常催乳素储备的截止水平。男性对TRH刺激的最小峰值泌乳素反应为18ng/mL,女性为41ng/mL,可以排除低泌乳素血症。然而,需要针对不同年龄段和性别进行更大规模的人群研究,以更好地确定正常的基础催乳素水平和对TRH刺激试验的催乳素反应.
Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone composed of 199 amino acids, synthesized by lactotroph cells. Its primary effects are on the mammary gland and gonadal axes, but it also influences different organs and systems, particularly metabolic functions. Current literature has mainly focused on the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. Due to the lack of a well-established effective treatment for
hypoprolactinemia, it is not clinically emphasized. Therefore, data on its diagnosis is limited.
Hypoprolactinemia has been associated with metabolic dysfunctions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, dyslipidemia, fertility problems, sexual dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular disease. While often seen as a part of combined hormone deficiencies due to pituitary damage, isolated prolactin deficiency is rare.
Hypoprolactinemia can serve as a marker for extensive pituitary gland damage and dysfunction.Low or undetectable serum prolactin levels and the absence of a sufficient prolactin peak in the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test are considered diagnostic for
hypoprolactinemia. Gender appears to influence both basal prolactin levels and TRH stimulation test responses. Basal prolactin levels of, at least, 5 ng/mL for males and 7 ng/mL for females can be used as cut-off levels for normal prolactin reserve. Minimum peak prolactin responses of 18 ng/mL for males and 41 ng/mL for females to TRH stimulation can exclude
hypoprolactinemia. However, larger population studies across different age groups and sexes are needed to better define normal basal prolactin levels and prolactin responses to the TRH stimulation test.