UNASSIGNED: Hydatidosis, caused by the Echinococcus tapeworm, typically manifests with hepatic and pulmonary symptoms, but cardiac involvement, especially in pediatric cases, poses a rare challenge. This overview emphasizes the diagnostic complexities and potential complications associated with this uncommon parasitic disease.
UNASSIGNED: A 4-year-old child was presented with epigastric pain after an abdominal impact trauma. Clinical examination revealed tachycardia, fever, and pericardial effusion with an intramyocardial cyst. Hydatid serology confirmed the diagnosis, and subsequent imaging ruled out additional localizations. Treatment involved albendazole, pericardial drainage, and cyst removal, resulting in a favorable outcome.
UNASSIGNED: Cardiac hydatid cysts, comprising only 0.5--2% of visceral cases, often occur in underdeveloped regions. The authors\' case, affecting the right ventricle in a pediatric patient, contributes to the understanding of varied presentations. Diagnosis relies on echocardiography, computed tomography scans, and MRI, with surgery being the mainstay treatment. Symptomatic cases demand prompt intervention due to potential complications.
UNASSIGNED: This case underscores the intricate diagnostic journey and management challenges posed by cardiac hydatid cysts, particularly in pediatric populations. Collaboration between medical disciplines is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective treatment, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research in endemic regions.

Zoonotic metacestodes present a significant threat to both veterinary and public health. Specifically, the prevalence of metacestodes is often concentrated among consumers of raw meat and underdeveloped countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of condemned red offal and examine the gross and histopathology features of zoonotic metacestodes. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to July 2023 at the Bahir Dar municipal abattoir. A simple random sampling method employed in the abattoir survey to investigate pathological changes of offal and its rate of condemnation. Following a gross inspection of the red offal, representative tissue samples collected and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Subsequently, the size and number of cysts determined, and their viability and fertility evaluated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining utilized to analyze various lesions with microscope. A total of 340 cattle examined and 7.5% red offal condemned due to hydatid cysts 4.12% in the lungs, 3% in the liver, 0.6% in the kidneys, and 0.9% in other organs. Red offal condemned due to Cysticercus bovis 0.6% in the liver and 0.3% in the tongue. A statistically significance relationship was found between lung rejection due to hydatidosis (p < 0.05), body condition score, and origin of the animal. Among the detected calcified cysts, 83.34% of C. bovis and 47.62% of hydatid cysts. Histopathological examination revealed hydatid cysts and their oncospheres within the portal circulation, as well as necrotized, calcified daughter cysts observed on Bowman\'s capsule. The alveoli and bronchiole parenchyma compressed with pressure of protoscolices and it infiltrated by eosinophils. The cyst wall is attached to the thick hepatic capsule of the liver, with the hepatic parenchyma displaying islands of irregular hepatocytes. Cysticercus bovis detected in the deteriorated and necrotized muscle bundles, along with granulomatous lesions characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells. Gross and histological examinations is invaluable tool for diagnosing hydatidosis and cysticercosis, providing well-organized baseline data to enhance our understanding the burden of zoonotic metacestodes.

A prospective study on 110 patients with echinococcosis at Dr. Khuroo\'s Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, from March 2019 to April 2024 identified 12 cases (4 males, 8 females; mean age of 46.58 ± 11.97 years) of Alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Two patients were detected through ultrasound examinations carried out for unrelated causes; one presented with features of liver abscess, and nine had pain in the right upper quadrant for a mean period of 2.2 ± 1.79 years. All had the liver as the primary organ involved, with 15 tumor masses of a mean maximum diameter of 9.22 ± 3.21 cm and volume of 426 ± 374.61 cm3. Tumors placed centrally had invaded vessels and the biliary tract in eight patients, and those placed peripherally had invaded the liver capsule and adjacent organs in nine patients. Histologic examination of liver biopsies or resected organs revealed necrotic lesions, calcifications, and granulomatous inflammation with slender, thin-walled vesicles of bizarre configuration that stained strongly eosinophilic with periodic acid Schiff. Two patients had segmental liver resections; one was treated with liver aspiration, while the other nine with advanced disease received chemotherapy with albendazole along with praziquantel. Patients showed clinical improvement on a median follow-up of 12 months (range 1 to 60 months); however, MRI T2-weighted images and 18F-FDG-PET-CECT scans in two patients showed active disease on follow-up at one and five years, respectively. A systematic review detected 146 cases of AE in India from 1980 to April 2024. Twenty cases were from foreign countries, mostly from Central Asian republics, and 118 (93.65%) of the remaining 126 Indian patients were permanent residents of Kashmir Valley. The disease affected a population of 79,197 residing in 22 villages from 5 border districts of the valley. These villages were either high in or adjacent to the Himalayan mountain range. Disease prevalence in the affected population was 146.47/105 (males 131.53/105 and females 163.18/105) and the incidence was 12.41/105/year (males 11.16/105/year and females 13.81/105/year). Possible causes of the emergence of AE are discussed, and future directions for research to face this challenge arebeen identified.

BACKGROUND: Occupation plays an important role in the spread of infectious diseases in humans. Toxoplasmosis and hydatidosis are world-wide diseases with different routes of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and hydatidosis and risk factors associated with these diseases among the butchers of Tabriz City, the northwest of Iran.
METHODS: In this case-control study conducted in Tabriz city in 2023, 250 serum samples were collected from butchers (n = 125) and outpatients referred to Imam Reza Hospital (n = 125) and. The ELISA test was used to identify IgG and IgM antibodies against toxoplasmosis and IgG antibodies against hydatidosis. The results were analyzed by statistics tests using SPSS v. 16 software. Risk factors\' association was tested using Chi square or logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: The results indicated that 66/125 (52.8%) cases and 40/125 controls (32%) were positive for toxoplasmosis IgG antibody. Also, 5/125 (4%) and 1/125 (0.8%) were positive for toxoplasmosis IgM antibody in the case and control groups, respectively. In addition, 10/125 people (8%) were positive for anti-hydatidosis IgG antibody in the case group, while no positive cases were found in the control group. The main risk factors for toxoplasmosis were age (OR: 1.014), education level (OR: 0.638), and work experience(OR: 1.695), these factors for hydatidosis included age and education level (OR: 1.765 and 0.271) respectivily.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the high prevalence of toxoplasmosis and in butchers of Tabriz, which required special attention and basic measures. Moreover, the prevalence of hydatidosis IgG antibodies also requires more attention to be focused on breaking the transmission and reducing the infection.

UNASSIGNED: Hydatid disease can affect any human organ. The occurrence of hydatid cysts in psoas muscle is rare, accounting for only 1-3 % of cases, and even in endemic regions. However, the presence of multiple cysts is even more rare.
METHODS: A 40-year-old female from a rural area presented with abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the right hypochondrium. Her medical history pulmonary hydatid cystectomy seven years ago. Radiology investigation showed a two-hydatid cyst within the left psoas major muscle. Cystectomy of two hydatid cyst was performed. The patient was prescribed albendazole at a dose of 15 mg/kg, and at the latest month\'s follow-up appointment, the patient did not experience any relapse.
UNASSIGNED: This case presents a rare instance of multiple hydatid cysts in the psoas muscle, highlighting the importance of considering atypical presentations in endemic regions.
CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the rarity of psoas major muscle hydatid cysts in a middle-aged woman from a rural area. Early recognition, accurate radiological assessment, and proper surgical treatment are crucial for positive outcomes and averting complications like infection, compression of nearby structures, or anaphylactic reactions.

The present investigation aims to develop and evaluate silver nanoparticles (AgNP) synthesized through environmentally friendly methods and to assess their effectiveness against hydatid cysts through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments. The green synthesis of ANP was accomplished using the precipitation technique with Astragalus spinosus extract. The in vitro protoscolicidal effects of ANP were evaluated on hydatid cyst protoscoleces (PTS) through eosin exclusion test. The study also investigated the effect of ANP on the gene expression levels of caspase-3 and 9, as well as the external morphology of PTS. The in vivo efficacy was assessed by analyzing the quantity, dimensions, and weight of hydatid cysts in infected mice. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the gene expression levels of antioxidant and inflammatory cytokines. ANP exhibited significant (p < 0.001) in vitro protoscolicidal activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with ANP resulted in creases and protrusions on the plasma membrane, indicating bleb formation and an increase in the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes. Notably, there was a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the number, size, and weight of hydatid cysts following ANP treatment. Administration of ANP resulted in a significant increase in the expression of antioxidant genes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and a notable decrease in oxidative stress markers, as well as in the expression levels of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10. Due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, ANP shows potential as a scolicidal agent and holds promise in managing hydatid cysts in a mouse model. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are imperative to validate the efficacy of ANP in treating hydatidosis.

UNASSIGNED: Bone hydatidosis is a rare parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus, with a frequency of 1-2 %, it has a high morbidity and mortality rate due to its long clinical latency and lack of symptomatic specificity. This often leads to delayed diagnosis and discovery, usually at the stage of complications.
METHODS: We present a case of sacral hydatidosis in a 71-year-old patient with no prior medical history. The symptomatology was a pelvic pain that had been ongoing for 5 months with constipation and difficulty with defecation. The clinical and radiological findings initially suggested a primary or metastatic malignant tumour. The biopsy revealed a multivesicular cystic lesion, indicating a hydatid cyst of the sacrum, confirmed later by anatomopathological examination. The lesion was almost completely removed, drainage was performed and the patient was put on anti-parasitic treatment.
UNASSIGNED: The clinical presentation of bone hydatidosis is poor and its course is insidious, which often leads to a delay in diagnosis. Medical imaging can provide a precise assessment of the lesion, allowing for extensive surgical resection to be planned. However, therapeutic methods and health education in endemic countries are still the best measures for limiting the considerable damage caused by this parasite.
CONCLUSIONS: Hydatid osteopathy is a slow and progressive disease that can be difficult to diagnose early, which can compromise the quality of treatment. Therefore, it is important to focus on preventive measures to eradicate this parasitic infection.

This current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo research aims to evaluate and analyze the linalool-zinc oxide nanocomposite (Lin-ZNP) for treating cystic echinococcosis. Lin-ZNP was synthesized using an ethanolic solution of polyvinyl alcohol. The protoscolicidal effects of Lin-ZNP were tested on hydatid cyst protoscoleces (PTS) in both in vitro and ex vivo by eosin exclusion test. The study also examined the impact on caspase-3 gene expression and the external structure of PTS. The in vivo effect was measured by examining hydatid cysts\' quantity, dimensions, and weight in mice intraperitoneally infected with 0.5 mL of PTS solution containing 1,000 PTS. The antioxidant and inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels were examined using real-time PCR. Lin-ZNP significantly (P < 0.001) killed the PTS in both in vitro and ex vivo in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The treated PTS exhibited creases and protrusions as a result of bleb formation and upregulation in the gene expression of caspase-3. Upon treatment with Lin-ZNP, there was a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the number, diameter, and weight of the hydatid cysts. Treatment with Lin-ZNP nanocomposite led to a significant increase in the expression of antioxidant genes and a notable decrease in oxidative stress markers, and the expression levels of IL-4 and IL-10. Lin-ZNP has the potential to act as a scolicidal agent and demonstrates promise in controlling hydatid cysts in a mouse model, attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, additional studies in clinical trials are needed to confirm the use of Lin-ZNP for treating hydatidosis.

Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcal tapeworm that is endemic in many regions of the world. The subtle and nonspecific nature of the clinical signs frequently results in a delay in diagnosis. Ultrasonography (USG) is the first modality of choice for the diagnosis followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The detection of a ruptured membrane, observed as low-signal intensity on all pulse sequences, strongly suggests the diagnosis. We report a rare case of a 39-year-old male who presented with fever, pain, and swelling in the right thigh. On further investigations, he was diagnosed to have primary hydatidosis of the thigh involving the vastus lateralis muscle and subcutaneous tissue. The patient underwent en bloc surgical excision of the mass and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of intramuscular hydatidosis. Understanding the diverse imaging manifestations of primary intramuscular hydatidosis is imperative for accurate preoperative diagnosis, thereby averting potentially fatal outcomes. Timely intervention is paramount as it mitigates both localized and systemic complications that may arise due to cyst maturation. This underscores the criticality of early therapeutic measures to enhance patient outcomes and diminish associated morbidities.

Background and objective While hydatid disease is associated with a high prevalence only in certain endemic areas, it can be encountered in any geographical region. The characteristics of this parasitic disease, and its implications during development, such as the risk of seeding, and the complications caused by cyst rupture, means that its therapeutic management should adhere to strict principles and may sometimes require approaches specially tailed for this type of pathology. In this study, we aimed to provide a comparative analysis of conventional laparoscopic techniques vs. treatment with specialized instrumentation in these patients. Methods Our study involved a retrospective evaluation of a cohort comprising 41 patients diagnosed with hepatic hydatid cysts, who underwent procedures with both conventional laparoscopic techniques and specialized instrumentation tailored for this particular pathology. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature examining alternative types of laparoscopic instrumentation specifically crafted for the management of hydatid cysts. This review employed an extensive search utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Results The examination of cases within our study revealed a high prevalence of hydatid disease among male patients (63.41%) and a predominance of instances originating from rural regions necessitating emergent admissions (p<0.05). Notably, in 58.54% of cases, surgical interventions employed specialized instrumentation, with a notable discrepancy in conversion rates to open surgery favoring the standard approach: 12.2% vs. 2.44% (p=0.025). Additionally, the laparoscopic approach was associated with prolonged surgical durations compared to the dedicated technique (p=0.002), besides a higher incidence of postoperative complications (12.2% vs 7.32%). Furthermore, patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures with standard instrumentation experienced lengthier hospital stays (p=0.002). Our comprehensive review of the literature identified six distinct surgical methodologies utilizing specifically tailored instrumentation for addressing hydatid cysts. Analysis of these findings underscored a preference for single localizations and selective cases. Postoperative complication rates ranged from 6.66% to 22.22%, with conversion rates to open surgery reaching up to 23.33%, and recurrence rates observed to be as high as 7.81%. Conclusions The patented approach, which uses special trocars that provide stable anchorage and allow a safe puncture-aspiration, reaspiration, and fragmentation processes, has superior characteristics compared to the laparoscopic approach with standard instrumentation. Comparative analysis with other similar procedures described in the literature has shown similar results regarding the frequency of complications, with our technique being superior in terms of approaching multiple cysts and recurrence rate. It has been successfully applied even in unselected cases.