软物质生物电子学代表了一个新兴的跨学科研究前沿,旨在利用生物学和电子学之间的协同作用来实现先进的诊断和医疗保健应用。在这种情况下,最近已经开发了具有自修复能力和可调的生物模拟特征的整个系列的软凝胶,以充当桥接电子器件与动态生物流体和身体组织之间的界面的组织状空间。这篇综述文章提供了电活性聚合物凝胶的全面概述,由非共价分子间相互作用和动态共价键形成,作为可注射的电活性凝胶,涵盖了他们的合成,表征,和应用。首先,由导电聚合物(聚(3,4-乙烯-二氧噻吩)(PEDOT)制成的水凝胶,聚苯胺(PANi),和基于聚吡咯(PPy)的网络,这些网络通过物理相互作用(例如,氢键,π-π堆叠,疏水相互作用)或动态共价键(例如,亚胺键,希夫碱,硼酸酯键)。可注射水凝胶,涉及聚合物与导电纳米材料的混合网络(即,氧化石墨烯,碳纳米管,金属纳米颗粒,等。)也在讨论中。此外,它还深入研究了可注射离子液体集成凝胶(iongels)和深共晶溶剂集成凝胶(eutectogels)的最新进展,这为未来的研究提供了有希望的途径。最后,概述了可注射电活性聚合物凝胶在从组织工程到生物传感的尖端生物电子应用中的当前应用和未来前景。
Soft matter bioelectronics represents an emerging and interdisciplinary research frontier aiming to harness the synergy between biology and electronics for advanced diagnostic and healthcare applications. In this context, a whole family of soft gels have been recently developed with self-healing ability and tunable biological mimetic features to act as a tissue-like space bridging the interface between the electronic device and dynamic biological fluids and body tissues. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of electroactive polymer gels, formed by noncovalent intermolecular interactions and dynamic covalent bonds, as injectable electroactive gels, covering their synthesis, characterization, and applications. First, hydrogels crafted from conducting polymers (poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyaniline (PANi), and polypyrrole (PPy))-based networks which are connected through physical interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interactions) or dynamic covalent bonds (e.g., imine bonds, Schiff-base, borate ester bonds) are addressed. Injectable hydrogels involving hybrid networks of polymers with conductive nanomaterials (i.e., graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, metallic nanoparticles, etc.) are also discussed. Besides, it also delves into recent advancements in injectable ionic liquid-integrated gels (iongels) and deep eutectic solvent-integrated gels (eutectogels), which present promising avenues for future research. Finally, the current applications and future prospects of injectable electroactive polymer gels in cutting-edge bioelectronic applications ranging from tissue engineering to biosensing are outlined.