三维(3D)生物打印提供了一种自动化、可定制的解决方案,以制造高度详细的3D组织构造,并为再生医学提供巨大的希望,以解决供体组织和器官的严重全球短缺。然而,单材料3D生物打印不足以制造具有类似天然微结构的异质3D构建体,因此,需要创新的多材料解决方案。这里,我们开发了一种用于生物打印人角膜基质的新型多材料3D生物打印策略。人类角膜是眼睛的透明外层,角膜盲导致的视力丧失严重影响个体的生活质量。角膜失明的主要原因之一是角膜基质的详细组织中的损伤,其中胶原纤维在彼此垂直的层中排列并且角膜基质细胞沿着原纤维生长。用于治疗角膜失明的供体角膜很少,目前的组织工程(TE)技术无法生产具有天然角膜基质复杂微结构的人工角膜。为了解决这个问题,我们开发了一种新的多材料3D生物打印策略来模拟角膜基质的详细组织。这些具有异质设计的多材料3D结构通过使用具有不同硬度的人脂肪组织来源的干细胞(hASCs)和基于透明质酸(HA)的生物墨水进行生物打印。在我们新颖的3D模型设计中,无细胞更硬的HA-生物墨水和载有细胞的更软的HA-生物墨水以交替的细丝打印,并且在交替层中垂直印刷长丝。多材料生物打印策略首次应用于角膜基质3D生物打印以模拟天然微结构。因此,软生物墨水促进了多材料3D生物打印复合材料中hASCs的细胞生长和组织形成,而坚硬的生物墨水在培养时提供了机械支持以及细胞组织的指导。有趣的是,细胞生长和组织形成显着改变了生物打印复合构建体的机械性能。重要的是,在离体角膜器官培养模型中,生物打印的复合结构显示出与宿主组织的良好整合。作为结论,开发的多材料生物打印策略作为有组织的制造的生物制造解决方案提供了巨大的潜力,天然组织的异质微结构。据我们所知,这种多材料生物打印策略从未应用于角膜生物打印.因此,我们的工作推进了增材制造的技术成果,并将角膜TE领域提升到一个新的水平。
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers an automated, customizable solution to manufacture highly detailed 3D tissue constructs and holds great promise for regenerative medicine to solve the severe global shortage of donor tissues and organs. However, uni-material 3D bioprinting is not sufficient for manufacturing heterogenous 3D constructs with native-like microstructures and thus, innovative multi-material solutions are required. Here, we developed a novel multi-material 3D bioprinting strategy for bioprinting human corneal stroma. The human cornea is the transparent outer layer of your eye, and vision loss due to corneal blindness has serious effects on the quality of life of individuals. One of the main reasons for corneal blindness is the damage in the detailed organization of the corneal stroma where collagen fibrils are arranged in layers perpendicular to each other and the corneal stromal cells grow along the fibrils. Donor corneas for treating corneal blindness are scarce, and the current tissue engineering (TE) technologies cannot produce artificial corneas with the complex microstructure of native corneal stroma. To address this, we developed a novel multi-material 3D bioprinting strategy to mimic detailed organization of corneal stroma. These multi-material 3D structures with heterogenous design were bioprinted by using human adipose tissue -derived stem cells (hASCs) and hyaluronic acid (HA) -based bioinks with varying stiffnesses. In our novel design of 3D models, acellular stiffer HA-bioink and cell-laden softer HA-bioink were printed in alternating filaments, and the filaments were printed perpendicularly in alternating layers. The multi-material bioprinting strategy was applied for the first time in corneal stroma 3D bioprinting to mimic the native microstructure. As a result, the soft bioink promoted cellular growth and tissue formation of hASCs in the multi-material 3D bioprinted composites, whereas the stiff bioink provided mechanical support as well as guidance of cellular organization upon culture. Interestingly, cellular growth and tissue formation altered the mechanical properties of the bioprinted composite constructs significantly. Importantly, the bioprinted composite structures showed good integration to the host tissue in ex vivo cornea organ culture model. As a conclusion, the developed multi-material bioprinting strategy provides great potential as a biofabrication solution for manufacturing organized, heterogenous microstructures of native tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this multi-material bioprinting strategy has never been applied in corneal bioprinting. Therefore, our work advances the technological achievements in additive manufacturing and brings the field of corneal TE to a new level.