The present study reports the green synthesis of pectin-fabricated silver nanocomposites (Pectin-AgNPs) using Carpesium nepalense leaves extract, evaluating their bactericidal kinetics, in vivo hepatoprotective, and cytotoxic potentials along with possible mechanisms. GC/MS and LC/MS analyses revealed novel phytochemicals in the plant extract. The Pectin-AgNPs were characterized using UV/Vis, AFM, SEM, TEM, DLS, FTIR, and EDX techniques, showing a spherical morphology with a uniform size range of 50-110 nm. Significant antibacterial activity (P < 0.005) was found against four bacterial strains with ZIs of 4.1 ± 0.15 to 27.2 ± 3.84 mm. AFM studies revealed significant bacterial cell membrane damage post-treatment. At 0.05 mg/kg, the nanocomposites showed significant (P < 0.005) hepatoprotective activity in biochemical and histopathology analyses compared to the CCl4 control group. Pectin-AgNPs significantly reduced (P < 0.005) LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, and DB levels. qPCR analysis showed ameliorative effects on PPARs and Nrf2 gene expression, restoring gene alterations caused by CCl4 intoxication. In vivo acute toxicity studies confirmed low toxicity of Pectin-AgNPs in major organs. Pectin-AgNPs exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines at higher doses with an LC50 of 223.7 μg/mL. These findings demonstrate the potential of Pectin-AgNPs as promising antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and cytotoxic agents.

UNASSIGNED: Pistacia vera is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders. This study aims to investigate the anti-anemia and hepatoprotective effects of Pistacia vera pericarp extract (PVPE) in a rat model of phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemia.
UNASSIGNED: PVPE was prepared using the maceration method. The extract was administered at doses of 20, 80, and 160 mg/kg for 28 days to normal and PHZ-treated rats. The effects of PVPE were evaluated in terms of changes in biochemical, histological, hematological, and molecular biomarkers in the liver and blood.
UNASSIGNED: Administration of PVPE to the anemic animals significantly restored these deleterious effects on hematological parameters compared to the anemic group. Kupffer cell activation was seen in the liver tissue of the anemic rats. Administration of PVPE mitigated these deleterious effects.
UNASSIGNED: PVPE has potent antioxidant activity and may represent a promising treatment for anemia and liver protection in clinical settings.

The hepatoprotective effects of natural products have been a significant focus in recent decades due to the growing demand for the help in the treatment of hepatic impairments. This review specifically delves into the findings of clinical trials involving 13 selected natural products, namely plants and their derived compounds (e.g., artichoke, berberine, and turmeric), algae (e.g., spirulina), probiotics, and other products like phospholipids and vitamin D. A literature search was performed in the Scopus database, PubMed, and Google Scholar, covering all articles found up to June 2024. Artichoke, berberine, chlorella, chicory, green tea, probiotics, phospholipids, schisandra, silymarin, spirulina, and vitamin D caused a decrease in liver enzymes, while for cinnamon and turmeric such an effect was either not observed or not convincing. The presented results indicate that some natural products might satisfactorily improve hepatic outcomes in NAFLD, NASH, and other liver disorders; however, further studies and metanalyses are needed to clearly demonstrate their effectiveness.

Natural products have always played an important role in pharmacotherapy, helping to control pathophysiological processes associated with human disease. Thus, natural products such as oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpene that has demonstrated important activities in several disease models, are in high demand. The relevant properties of this compound have motivated re-searchers to search for new analogues and derivatives using the OA as a scaffold to which new functional groups have been added or modifications have been realized. OA and its derivatives have been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory processes, triggered by chronic diseases or bacterial and viral infections. OA and its derivatives have also been found to be effective in diabetic disorders, a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by hyperglycemia that can affect several organs, including the liver and brain. This group of compounds has been reported to exhibit significant bioactivity against cancer processes in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize the bioactive properties of OA and its derivatives as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer agents.

Phytolacca dodecandra (L\' Herit), or \'Endod\', is one of the widely known medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Berries of the endod have been used as a detergent for centuries. The present study was aimed to test the hepatoprotective effects of the plant against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in rats. Mice of either sex were used for oral acute toxicity tests and APAP-induced lethality tests. Hepatoprotective experiments were done on male rats using 2 g/kg of APAP to induce liver damage. Liver enzymes, total bilirubin (TB), and lipid profile were determined. Liver tissues were also examined histopathologically to see a morphologic change in the control and experiment groups. The protective effect of the plant extract was also tested through sodium pentobarbital (SPB)-induced sleeping time. A significant increase in serum levels of liver enzymes, TB, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TGs) was seen from oral administration of 2 g/kg APAP. Total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were decreased. Serum levels of all parameters were reversed to normal after administration of silymarin 100 mg/kg and, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses of the extract. A significant dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect of Phytolacca dodecandra Methanol Root Extract (PDME) was seen in terms of LDL. Histopathological investigations and SPB-induced sleeping time confirmed the findings of biochemical analysis. The findings of the present study indicate that PDME protected the liver from APAP injury.

The liver carries out many essential tasks, such as synthesising cholesterol, controlling the body\'s storage of glycogen, and detoxifying metabolites, in addition to performing, and regulating homeostasis. Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological state characterized by over accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) including collagen fibers. Sildenafil (a selective inhibitor of type 5 phosphodiesterase) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. It is commonly used to treat erectile dysfunction in male. The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate sildenafil\'s hepatoprotective potential against liver fibrosis in rats that was caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver enzymes and oxidative markers as well as profibrotic genes were determined. The findings showed that sildenafil alleviates the hepatic dysfunctions caused by CCl4 by restoring normal levels of ALT, AST, and GGT as well as by restoring the antioxidant status demonstrated by increased glutathione (GSH), and catalase. In addition, a significantly down-regulated the mRNA expressions of profibrotic genes [collagen-1α, IL-1β, osteopontin (OPN), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)]. Additionally, sildenafil lessens the periportal fibrosis between hepatic lobules, congestion and dilatation in the central vein, and the inflammatory cell infiltrations. As a result, it is hypothesized that sildenafil may be helpful in the management of hepatotoxicity brought on by CCl4 through suppressing OPN.

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) emerged as a primary treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), however, their multifaceted effects on various target organs beyond glycemic control opened a new era of treatment. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library to identify clinical, in-vivo, and in-vitro studies focusing on the diverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Eligible studies were selected based on their relevance to the varied roles of GLP-1RAs in T2DM management and their impact on other physiological functions. Numerous studies have reported the efficacy of GLP-1RAs in improving outcomes in T2DM, with demonstrated benefits including glucose-dependent insulinotropic actions, modulation of insulin signaling pathways, and reductions in glycemic excursions. Additionally, GLP-1 receptors are expressed in various tissues and organs, suggesting their widespread physiological functions beyond glycemic control potentially include neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic benefits. However, further scientific studies are still underway to maximize the benefits of GLP-1RAs and to discover additional roles in improving health benefits. This article sought to review not only the actions of GLP1RAs in the treatment of T2DM but also explore its effects on potential targets in other disorders.

Licochalcone B (LicB), a chalcone derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza glabra, has received considerable attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. Accumulated data indicates that LicB has pharmacological effects that include anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The action mechanism of LicB has been linked to several molecular targets, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, nuclear factor-κB, and p38, and the involvements of caspases, apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase-associated inflammatory pathways, and anti-inflammatory nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathways highlight the multifaceted therapeutic potential of LicB. This review systematically updates recent findings regarding the pharmacological effects of LicB, and the mechanistic pathways involved, and highlights the potential use of LicB as a promising lead compound for drug discovery.

Introduction: This study explores the therapeutic potential of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized using a Helianthemum lippii extract in mitigating cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Given the increasing environmental and health concerns associated with cadmium exposure, novel and eco-friendly therapeutic strategies are essential. Methods: Ag NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectrometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with scanning electron microscopy, confirming their formation with a cubic crystal structure and particle sizes ranging from 4.81 to 12.84 nm. A sub-acute toxicity study of Ag NPs (2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) was conducted, showing no significant difference compared to untreated control rats (n = 3 animals/group). Subsequently, adult Wistar rats (n = 5/group) were divided into a control group and three experimental groups: Ag NPs alone, exposure to 50 mg/kg CdCl2 in drinking water for 35 days, and CdCl2 exposure followed by 0.1 mg/kg/day Ag NPs intraperitoneally for 15 days. Results: In the CdCl2-exposed group, there was a significant decrease in body weight and increases in alanine and aspartate transaminase levels (p < 0.05 vs. control), indicating hepatotoxicity. Additionally, antioxidant defenses were decreased, and malondialdehyde levels were elevated. Liver histology revealed portal fibrosis, inflammation, necrosis, sinusoid and hepatic vein dilation, and cytoplasmic vacuolations. Treatment with Ag NPs post-CdCl2 exposure mitigated several adverse effects on liver function and architecture and improved body weight. Discussion: This study demonstrates the efficacy of Ag NPs synthesized via a green method in reducing cadmium-induced liver damage. These findings support the potential of Ag NPs in therapeutic applications and highlight the importance of sustainable and eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis methods. By addressing both toxicity concerns and therapeutic efficacy, this research aligns with the growing emphasis on environmentally conscious practices in scientific research and healthcare.

Liver disease, responsible for two million annual deaths, causes Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) and cirrhosis, causing roughly a million deaths yearly. Treatment options for liver injury induced by hepatotoxicity vary, including medication (N-acetylcysteine, corticosteroids, and ursodeoxycholic acid), lifestyle changes, and sometimes liver transplant. However, effectiveness varies, and some treatments carry risks and side effects, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic approaches. Murraya koenigii (MK) is known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, wound-healing, anti-cancerous and immunomodulatory effects, etc. This review highlights the effectiveness of MK against liver damage induced by heavy metals, drug abuse, xenobiotics, etc. A comprehensive search across multiple databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and others for articles on various hepatotoxicants and hepatoprotective activity of MK was conducted. The researchers applied specific search terms and limits, resulting in 149 eligible articles for final analysis, meeting predetermined inclusion criteria and excluding irrelevant studies. According to the available literature, the phytochemical components of MK, such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids present in various extracts, play a crucial role in reversing the hepatotoxic effects by modifying oxidative and ER stresses, re-establishing the hepatic biochemical markers and enzymes involved in metabolism denoting ameliorative activity, and controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To conclude, this review highlights that MK has great potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent, providing a versatile defense against a range of injuries caused by heavy metals, xenobiotics, and common hepatotoxic agents.