牛奶,哺乳动物的第一种食物,有助于建立基线肠道微生物群。在人类中,牛奶和奶制品的消费超过婴儿期,提供全面的营养价值。非乳制品饮料,从植物生产,作为牛奶的替代品越来越受欢迎。一些植物性产品的营养价值仍在争论中,而对微生物组影响的调查很少。这项研究的目的是比较牛乳的影响,大豆和杏仁饮料对大鼠肠道微生物组的影响。我们先前显示,补充大豆和牛奶的大鼠具有相似的骨密度,而补充杏仁的组损害了骨骼健康。骨骼健康和微生物群之间有既定的联系,导致我们假设补充大豆和牛奶的群体的微生物群会有些相似,而补充杏仁会有所不同。
将3周龄雄性SpragueDawley大鼠随机分为5组(n=10/组),随意喂养4周。两个对照组饲喂标准饮食(AIN-93G食品)或AIN-93G氨基酸(AA,含有相当于酪蛋白的氨基酸,但没有完整的蛋白质),并随意提供水。三个处理组饲喂AIN-93GAA,并补充牛超热处理(UHT)牛奶或大豆或杏仁UHT饮料作为其唯一的液体来源。在审判结束时,从盲肠内容物中提取DNA,以及使用16S核糖体RNA基因的V3至V4可变区的高通量测序评估的微生物丰度和多样性。
根据治疗,几乎所有门(91%)的相对丰度存在显着差异(FDR<0.05),并且在该水平上,治疗组之间的群落结构存在明显差异。在家庭层面,40个分类单元的相对丰度差异显著(FDR<0.05)。拟杆菌(拟杆菌科)和厚壁菌种(乳杆菌科,梭菌科和拟链球菌科)在补充AA杏仁的组中相对丰度增加。与其他组相比,补充牛奶导致放线菌(科里杆菌科和双歧杆菌科)的丰度增加。大豆补充剂增加了一些厚壁菌(乳杆菌科)的丰度,但没有放线菌,正如其他人之前报道的那样。
补充牛奶或植物性饮料对幼鼠的肠道微生物组有广泛的影响。牛奶引起的变化通常与以前的报告一致,显示双歧杆菌的相对丰度增加,而大豆和杏仁饮料没有。大豆和杏仁饮料补充剂引起的变化通常与碳水化合物的利用有关。这项研究提供了对三种市售产品的微生物组影响的新见解。
Milk, the first food of mammals, helps to establish a baseline gut microbiota. In humans, milk and milk products are consumed beyond infancy, providing comprehensive nutritional value. Non-dairy beverages, produced from plant, are increasingly popular as alternatives to dairy milk. The nutritive value of some plant-based products continues to be debated, whilst investigations into impacts on the microbiome are rare. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of bovine milk, soy and almond beverages on the rat gut microbiome. We previously showed soy and milk supplemented rats had similar bone density whereas the almond supplemented group had compromised bone health. There is an established link between bone health and the microbiota, leading us to hypothesise that the microbiota of groups supplemented with soy and milk would be somewhat similar, whilst almond supplementation would be different.
Three-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10/group) and fed ad libitum for four weeks. Two control groups were fed either standard diet (AIN-93G food) or AIN-93G amino acids (AA, containing amino acids equivalent to casein but with no intact protein) and with water provided ad libitum. Three treatment groups were fed AIN-93G AA and supplemented with either bovine ultra-heat treatment (UHT) milk or soy or almond UHT beverages as their sole liquid source. At trial end, DNA was extracted from caecum contents, and microbial abundance and diversity assessed using high throughput sequencing of the V3 to V4 variable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.
Almost all phyla (91%) differed significantly (FDR < 0.05) in relative abundance according to treatment and there were distinct differences seen in community structure between treatment groups at this level. At family level, forty taxa showed significantly different relative abundance (FDR < 0.05). Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidaceae) and Firmicutes populations (Lactobacillaceae, Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae) increased in relative abundance in the AA almond supplemented group. Supplementation with milk resulted in increased abundance of Actinobacteria (Coriobacteriaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae) compared with other groups. Soy supplementation increased abundance of some Firmicutes (Lactobacilliaceae) but not Actinobacteria, as previously reported by others.
Supplementation with milk or plant-based drinks has broad impacts on the intestinal microbiome of young rats. Changes induced by cow milk were generally in line with previous reports showing increased relative abundance of Bifidobacteriacea, whilst soy and almond beverage did not. Changes induced by soy and almond drink supplementation were in taxa commonly associated with carbohydrate utilisation. This research provides new insight into effects on the microbiome of three commercially available products marketed for similar uses.