锌和无名指3(ZNRF3)是Wnt信号的负抑制因子,新近被确定为肿瘤发生和发展的重要调节因子。然而,ZNRF3的泛癌症分析尚未报道.我们发现ZNRF3在包括CESC在内的6种肿瘤中显著降低,KIRP,KIRC,SKCM,OV,ACC,但在十二个肿瘤中增加,即LGG,ESCA,STES,COAD,STAD,LUSC,LIHC,THCA,READ,PAAD,TGCT,和LAML。癌症患者的临床结局与ESCA中ZNRF3的表达密切相关,GBM,KIRC,LUAD,STAD,UCEC,LGG,SARC。ZNRF3的遗传改变频率最高发生在ACC。ZNRF3的异常表达可能归因于拷贝数变异(CNV)和DNA甲基化以及ZNRF3相互作用蛋白的差异。此外,ZNRF3与肿瘤异质性密切相关,肿瘤干性,免疫评分,某些癌症的基质评分和估计评分。在免疫细胞浸润方面,ZNRF3与CESC癌相关成纤维细胞浸润呈正相关,HNSC,OV,PAAD,PRAD,THYM,但与HNSC中CD8T细胞浸润呈负相关,KIRC,KIRP和THYM.此外,ZNRF3表达与SARC中大多数免疫检查点基因相关,LUSC,LUAD,PRAD,THCA,UVM,TGCT,和OV,并与几乎所有癌症中绝大多数的免疫调节基因有关。大多数RNA修饰基因也与KIRP中的ZNRF3水平显著相关,LUAD,LUSC,THYM,UVM,PRAD,UCEC,表明ZNRF3可能对癌症表观遗传调控有重要影响。最后,我们验证了ZNRF3在肾癌和肝癌临床标本和细胞系中的表达和作用。这项研究提供了ZNRF3的全面泛癌分析,并揭示了其致癌作用的复杂性。
Zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3) is a negative suppressor of Wnt signal and newly identified as an important regulator in tumorigenesis and development. However, the pan-cancer analysis of ZNRF3 has not been reported. We found that ZNRF3 was significantly decreased in six tumors including CESC, KIRP, KIRC, SKCM, OV, and ACC, but increased in twelve tumors, namely LGG, ESCA, STES, COAD, STAD, LUSC, LIHC, THCA, READ, PAAD, TGCT, and LAML. Clinical outcomes of cancer patients were closely related to ZNRF3 expression in ESCA, GBM, KIRC, LUAD, STAD, UCEC, LGG, and SARC. The highest genetic alteration frequency of ZNRF3 occurred in ACC. Abnormal expression of ZNRF3 could be attributed to the differences of copy number variation (CNV) and DNA methylation as well as ZNRF3-interacting proteins. Besides, ZNRF3 were strongly associated with tumor heterogeneity, tumor stemness, immune score, stromal score and ESTIMATE score in certain cancers. In terms of immune cell infiltration, ZNRF3 was positively correlated to infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts in CESC, HNSC, OV, PAAD, PRAD, and THYM, but negatively associated with infiltration of CD8 T cells in HNSC, KIRC, KIRP and THYM. Moreover, ZNRF3 expression was correlated with most immune checkpoint genes in SARC, LUSC, LUAD, PRAD, THCA, UVM, TGCT, and OV, and associated with overwhelming majority of immunoregulatory genes in almost all cancers. Most RNA modification genes were also remarkably related to ZNRF3 level in KIRP, LUAD, LUSC, THYM, UVM, PRAD, and UCEC, indicating that ZNRF3 might have an important effect on cancer epigenetic regulation. Finally, we verified the expression and role of ZNRF3 in clinical specimens and cell lines of renal cancer and liver cancer. This study provides a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of ZNRF3 and reveals the complexity of its carcinogenic effect.