BACKGROUND: With increasing numbers of people seeking medical gender reassignment, the scientific community has become increasingly aware of the issue of detransitioning from social, hormonal or even surgical gender reassignment (GR). This study aimed to assess the proportion of patients who discontinued their established hormonal gender transition and the risk factors for discontinuation.
METHODS: A nationwide register-based follow-up was conducted. Data were analysed via cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics and t tests/ANOVAs. Multivariate analyses were performed via Cox regression, which accounts for differences in follow-up times.
RESULTS: Of the 1,359 subjects who had undergone hormonal GR in Finland from 1996 to 2019, 7.9% discontinued their established hormonal treatment during an average follow-up of 8.5 years. The risk for discontinuing hormonal GR was greater among later cohorts. The hazard ratio was 2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.1-6.1) among those who had accessed gender identity services from 2013 to 2019 compared with those who had come to contact from 1996 to 2005. Discontinuing also appeared to be emerging earlier among those who had entered the process in later years.
CONCLUSIONS: The risk of discontinuing established medical GR has increased alongside the increase in the number of patients seeking and proceeding to medical GR. The threshold to initiate medical GR may have lowered, resulting in a greater risk of unbalanced treatment decisions.
UNASSIGNED: Not applicable (the paper does not present a clinical trial).

UNASSIGNED: This article presents a review of current concepts of gender identity under normal and pathological conditions.
UNASSIGNED: To analyse the impact of the medical and social paradigm shift for clinical practice.
UNASSIGNED: The modern academic literature devoted to gender identity disorders is characterized by a variety of terminology, a shift in emphasis from clinical judgement to a socially beneficial normocentric approach and a relatively few advanced, evidence-based research. There is also a lack of evidence for the gender theory underlying the new approach, which raises serious doubts about the validity of the medical and social paradigm revision. In the same time, the position of Russian psychiatrists remains to be more clinically oriented.
UNASSIGNED: Patients who declare the desire to reassign their gender have to be assessed by psychiatrists for differential diagnosis to exclude a mental disorder. In such cases, the destigmatization of mental disorders is more critical than the depathologization of gender identity disorders.
UNASSIGNED: В данной статье представлен обзор научной литературы, посвященной современным представлениям о половой идентификации в норме и патологии.
UNASSIGNED: Проанализировать значение смены медико-социальной парадигмы для клинической практики.
UNASSIGNED: Современная научная литература, посвященная расстройствам половой идентификации, характеризуется терминологическим многообразием, смещением акцентов с клинической оценки данного феномена к социально-ориентированному нормоцентрическому подходу и относительно низким доказательным уровнем исследовательских работ. Гендерная теория, лежащая в основе нового подхода, до сих пор не нашла научно аргументированного подкрепления. Это обстоятельство вызывает серьезные сомнения в обоснованности произошедшего пересмотра медико-социальной парадигмы. На этом фоне позиция российских психиатров представляется более клинически ориентированной.
UNASSIGNED: Пациенты, заявляющие о желании изменить пол, нуждаются в тщательной псхиатрической дифференциальной диагностике с исключением психических расстройств. При этом дестигматизация психических расстройств оказывается важнее депатологизации расстройств половой идентификации.

When Old People Suffer Because of the Sex of the Young: A Commentary on Korte, A. & Tschuschke, V. (2023). The Media\'s Stranglehold on Sturm und Drang - The Sorrows of Generation Z Regarding Sex and Gender Abstract: In their article \"Sturm und Drang im Würgegriff der Medien - Die Leiden der jungen Generation am eigenen Geschlecht\" in the Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie (volume 51, issue 5), our colleagues Korte and Tschuschke address the question of the extent to which the increase in gender identity deviations among adolescents \"also results from upheavals the cultural landscape and, above all, in media technology.\" The authors look critically at the planned German \"Self-Determination Law,\" the social transition of children and adolescents, the so-called puberty blockade, and hormone therapy in adolescents and justify their preference for a gender-critical over a transaffirmative therapy approach. Although the article introduces some interesting hypotheses from the perspective of cultural studies and philosophy (among others), it may contribute to uncertainty among colleagues in treating trans*people because of its trans-critical tone. This stems from linguistic devices, misleading and erroneous quotations, and incomplete or incorrect descriptions of facts. This contribution therefore takes a critical look at the article by Korte and Tschuschke, using critical linguistic analysis and examining the facts, data, and sources cited by the authors. It encourages our colleagues to engage in a joint, participatory, trans*respectful treatment process with gender-dysphoric children and adolescents while exploring the sizeable intermediate area between \"gender-critical\" and \"transaffirmative\" attitudes, which the authors Korte and Tschuschke barely touch on in their article.
Zusammenfassung: Im Artikel „Sturm und Drang im Würgegriff der Medien – Die Leiden der jungen Generation am eigenen Geschlecht“ in der Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie (Jahrgang 51, Heft 5) setzen sich die Kollegen Korte und Tschuschke mit der Frage auseinander, inwiefern der Anstieg von Abweichungen im Geschlechtsidentitätserleben bei Jugendlichen „auch ein Resultat kultureller und vor allem medientechnologischer Umbrüche ist“. Die Autoren beziehen kritisch Stellung zum geplanten deutschen „Selbstbestimmungsgesetz“, zu sozialer Transition bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, zur sogenannter Pubertätsblockade sowie zur Hormontherapie bei Jugendlichen, und rechtfertigen den Vorzug eines genderkritischen gegenüber dem eines transaffirmativen Therapieansatzes. Obgleich der Artikel einige interessante Hypothesen aus dem Blickwinkel u. a. der Kulturwissenschaft und Philosophie einbringt, kann er doch auf Grund des transkritischen Grundtenors zur Verunsicherung von Kolleg_innen in der Behandlung von trans*Personen beitragen. Dies ist auf sprachliche Mittel, irreführende und fehlerhafte Zitate und unvollständige bzw. inkorrekte Schilderung von Fakten zurückzuführen. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte sich daher kritisch mit dem zur Diskussion gestellten Artikel der Autoren Korte und Tschuschke befassen und bedient sich dabei einer sprachkritischen Untersuchung sowie einer Überprüfung der von den Autoren angeführten Fakten, Daten und Quellen. Sie möchte versuchen, Kolleg_innen dazu zu ermuntern, sich mit geschlechtsdysphorischen Kindern und Jugendlichen in einen gemeinsamen, partizipativen, trans*respektvollen Behandlungsprozess zu begeben und den von den Autoren Korte und Tschuschke im Artikel wenig beachteten, großen Zwischenbereich zwischen „genderkritischer“ und „transaffirmativer“ Haltung auszuloten.

BACKGROUND: The term transgenders refer to people who sense discordance between their gender identity and the sex assigned to them at birth. Some transgenders receive hormonal therapy, which may lead to specific skin conditions. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a causal relationship exists between hormonal therapy (specifically testosterone therapy) and unsatisfying surgical scarring, including hypertrophic and keloid scars. In addition, this study may serve as a basis for future studies, which may test means that aim to reduce such undesired effects.
METHODS: In this retrospective, observational cohort study, data were collected regarding 170 patients who underwent mastectomy as a gender-affirming surgery by the senior author between 2003 and 2021. The medical records were analysed to obtain personal, medical (including the duration of testosterone treatment) and surgical information from the patients\' medical files. A blinded evaluator assessed the surgical scars by reviewing the postoperative clinical pictures of the patients. The scars were rated using the validated Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale (SBSES). The use of pictures to assess surgical scars is described in the validation study of the SBSES and is, therefore, accepted.
RESULTS: In total, 63 patients were included in the testosterone group and 63 were included in the non-testosterone treated group. The averages of the SBSES score were 2.74 and 2.66, respectively. The difference between the two averages was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: In our retrospective cohort study, we did not find the effect of testosterone therapy on post-operative surgical scars to be significant.
UNASSIGNED: 3.

UNASSIGNED: Chest contouring or subcutaneous mastectomy (SCM) in female-to-male (FtM) transgender individuals is the primary surgery in the gender reassignment process. Many authors report high rates of postoperative bleeding in these patients and discuss a possible influence of preoperative hormone therapy. However, there is a lack of data on the analysis between different surgical techniques and postoperative bleeding risk.
UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective study, we included 22 FtM transgender individuals who underwent bilateral SCM using 4 different techniques (44 breasts) between June 2014 and September 2023. Postoperative complications regarding surgical techniques and patient demographics were collected and analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: SCM with free nipple grafting was the most commonly used technique (n = 12, 54.5%). The mean operative time was 163.4 ± 49.2 minutes. There were no significant differences in operative time between the surgical techniques (p ≥ 0.20 in all cases). The rate of acute postoperative bleeding was 20.5% (n = 9). Acute postoperative bleeding occurred most frequently in patients who received a semi-circular incision for SCM. There was no significant difference in the rate of acute postoperative bleeding between the different surgical techniques. BMI, breast weight, and duration of surgery were not associated with the rate of acute complications (p > 0.17 in all cases).
UNASSIGNED: Less invasive SCM techniques in FtM transgender individuals are associated with higher postoperative bleeding risk.

Media\'s Stranglehold on Storm and Stress - The Sorrows of Generation Z about Sex and Gender Abstract: The feeling of not belonging to one\'s birth sex is not new; one can trace this phenomenon back even to ancient mythology. Although it has always been rare, there has recently been a sharp increase in gender identity deviations among adolescents. This text addresses this problem by asking to what extent this development also results from upheavals in the cultural landscape and, above all, in media technology. Do they cause young people to believe they are in the \"wrong gender\" and, in extreme cases, to strive for transition? We present the most salient cornerstones of the planned German self-determination law (Self-ID), most of which, however, are unlikely to do justice to the underlying problem. The text concludes by describing several unanswered questions concerning this matter and by attempting to propose first answers. The advantages of a gender-exploratory over the trans affirmative therapy approach are summarized.
Zusammenfassung: Das Gefühl der Nichtzugehörigkeit zum Geburtsgeschlecht ist nicht neu, als Phänomen kann es bis in die antike Mythologie zurückverfolgt werden. Aber es war stets selten, wohingegen aktuell ein sprunghafter Anstieg von Abweichungen im Geschlechtsidentitätserleben bei Jugendlichen zu verzeichnen ist. Der Text geht dieser Problematik anhand der Frage nach, inwieweit diese Entwicklung auch ein Resultat kultureller und vor allem aber medientechnologischer Umbrüche ist, die bedingen, dass Jugendliche sich im „falschen Geschlecht“ wähnen und im Extremfall eine Transition anstreben. Die wichtigsten Eckpunkte des geplanten deutschen „Selbstbestimmungsgesetzes“ werden vorgestellt, das allerdings der zugrundeliegenden Problematik kaum gerecht werden dürfte. Der Text schließt damit, dass er diesbezüglich eine Reihe offener Fragen benennt, erste Antworten versucht und die Vorteile eines explorativen, genderkritischen gegenüber einem transaffirmativen Therapieansatz zusammenfasst.

BACKGROUND: Acne often worsens in transmasculine patients who are on prolonged testosterone therapy. Isotretinoin is an oral retinoid used in the treatment of severe or refractory cases of acne, but it has the potential to cause delayed wound healing. Transmasculine patients may potentially be prescribed treatment for acne with isotretinoin while also planning to undergo chest masculinization surgery.
OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to determine whether isotretinoin has a negative impact on postoperative healing in transmasculine patients undergoing chest masculinization surgery.
METHODS: A scoping review was performed using the PubMed and Ovid databases. A total of 16 publications were selected for inclusion.
RESULTS: Acne tends to peak in transmasculine patients 6 months after initiation of testosterone treatment. Severe cases can be treated with isotretinoin; however, acne may recur once treatment is discontinued, given ongoing hormone therapy. There is little to no evidence in the medical literature regarding perioperative use of isotretinoin specifically among transmasculine patients undergoing chest masculinization surgery. In general, however, recent studies have found no evidence of increased hypertrophic scars or keloids in patients taking isotretinoin.
CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are required to strengthen the current evidence that suggests that isotretinoin does not need to be discontinued before or after incisional or excisional surgeries, including chest masculinization surgery in transmasculine patients.

UNASSIGNED: Multivisceral transplantation of pelvic organs would be a potential treatment for severe pelvic floor dysfunction with fecal and urinary incontinence, extensive perineal trauma, or congenital disorders. Here, we describe the microsurgical technique of multivisceral transplantation of pelvic organs, including the pelvic floor, in rats.
UNASSIGNED: We performed a perineal (including the genitalia, anus, muscles, and ligaments) and abdominal incision. The dissection progressed near the pelvic ring, dividing ligaments, muscles, external iliac vessels, and pudendal nerves, allowing pelvic floor mobilization. The aorta and vena cava were isolated distally, preserving the internal iliac and gonadal vessels. The graft containing the skin, muscles, ligaments, bladder, ureter, rectum, anus and vagina, uterus and ovarian (female), or penile, testis and its ducts (male) was removed en bloc, flushed, and cold-stored.
UNASSIGNED: The infrarenal aorta and vena cava were isolated and donor/recipient aorta-aorta and cava-cava end-to-side microanastomoses were performed. After pelvic floor and viscera removal, we performed microanastomoses between the donor and the recipient ureter, and the rectum and pudenda nerves. The pelvic floor was repositioned in its original position (orthotopic model) or the abdominal wall (heterotopic model). We sacrificed the animals 2 h after surgery.
UNASSIGNED: We performed seven orthotopic and four heterotopic transplantations. One animal from the orthotopic model and one from the heterotopic model died because of technical failure. Six orthotopic and three heterotopic recipients survived up to 2 h after transplantation.
UNASSIGNED: The microsurgical technique for pelvic floor transplantation in rats is feasible, achieving an early survival rate of 81.82%.

A significant rise in the number of trans adolescents seeking medical interventions has been reported in recent years. The aim of this study was to report the clinical features, treatment, and follow-up of adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD) with our increased experience.
Twenty-six male-to-female (MTF) and twenty-seven female-to-male (FTM) adolescents who were referred to the GD-outpatient clinic between 2016 and 2022 were reviewed. The clinical and laboratory findings of thirty transgender adolescents (15 FTM /15 MTF) who received medical intervention were evaluated retrospectively.
Most individuals (60.4%) were admitted between 2020 and 2022, and the remaining (39.6%) were admitted between 2016 and 2019. At the time of referral, median age was 16.3 years [interquartile range (IQR) 1.53; range 13.2-19.4] in 26 MTF, and 16.4 years (IQR 1.74; range 11.7-21.6) in 27 FTM adolescents. The median age at pubertal blockage with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and androgen receptor blocker was 16.4 years (IQR 1.4; range 11.7-17.8) in 22 adolescents (9 MTF, 13 FTM), and 17.4 years (IQR 1.4; range 15.5-19.4) in 6 MTF individuals, respectively. Cross-sex hormone therapy was commenced in 21 adolescents (12 MTF, 9 FTM) at the median age of 17.7 years (IQR 0.61; range 16-19.5). Fifteen individuals (8 MTF, 7 FTM) have been transferred to the adult endocrinology department in transition clinics.
All treatments were generally well tolerated and effective, including bicalutamide, and no significant side effects were observed. Transition clinics played an important role in the better management of gender reassignment processes.

In this article, I explore difficult and sensitive questions regarding the nature of transgender identity claims and the appropriate medical treatment for those suffering from gender dysphoria. I first analyze conceptions of transgender identity, highlighting the prominence of the wrong-body narrative and its dualist presuppositions. I then briefly argue that dualism is false because our bodily identity (including our body\'s biological organization for sexual reproduction as male or female) is essential and intrinsic to our overall personal identity and explain why a sound, nondualist anthropology implies that gender identity cannot be entirely divorced from sexual identity. Finally, I make the case that arguments in favor of hormonal and surgical treatments for gender dysphoria rest on this mistaken dualist anthropology, and that these treatments therefore give false hope to those suffering from gender dysphoria, while causing irreversible bodily harm and diverting attention from underlying psychological problems that often need to be addressed. I also briefly discuss how these philosophical claims relate to empirical studies on the outcomes of hormonal and surgical treatments for gender dysphoria and to testimonies of transgender individuals who regret having undergone these treatments.