人们对人类和动物废物污染娱乐水域的担忧正在上升,以及相关的公共健康风险。然而,在这些环境中管理病原体的现有指南尚未完全整合基于风险的病原体特定标准,which,随着指标和标记的最新进展,对改善公众健康的保护至关重要。本研究旨在为重要的肠道病原体建立基于风险的临界浓度基准。即,诺如病毒,轮状病毒,腺病毒,隐孢子虫。,贾第虫Lamblia,空肠弯曲杆菌.,沙门氏菌属。,和大肠杆菌O157:H7。将0.036风险基准应用于海洋和淡水环境,这项研究确定了儿童的最低临界浓度,他们是最易受影响的群体。诺如病毒,C.jeuni,隐孢子虫对病毒的临界浓度中位数最低,细菌,和原生动物,分别为:0.74GC,1.73CFU,和0.39个活卵囊每100毫升淡水为儿童。然后将这些值用于确定与培养方法的不同回收率相对应的最小样品体积,数字聚合酶链反应和定量PCR方法。结果表明,对于儿童来说,诺如病毒需要最大的淡水和海水样本量(52.08至178.57升,基于回收率为10%的第5个百分位数),反映了它的低临界浓度和导致疾病的高潜力。相比之下,腺病毒和轮状病毒需要显著较小的体积(约0.24至1.33L)。空肠杆菌和隐孢子虫,这需要细菌和原生动物的最高采样量,需要1.72至11.09L和4.17至25.51L,分别。此外,提出的基于风险的框架可以提供一个建立病原体阈值的模型,可能指导为娱乐水域中的各种病原体创建广泛的基于风险的标准,从而帮助公共卫生当局进行决策,加强病原体监测,并提高水质检测的准确性,以加强健康保护。
Concerns are rising about the contamination of recreational waters from human and animal waste, along with associated risks to public health. However, existing guidelines for managing pathogens in these environments have not yet fully integrated risk-based pathogen-specific criteria, which, along with recent advancements in indicators and markers, are essential to improve the protection of public health. This study aimed to establish risk-based critical concentration benchmarks for significant enteric pathogens, i.e., norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applying a 0.036 risk benchmark to both marine and freshwater environments, the study identified the lowest critical concentrations for children, who are the most susceptible group. Norovirus, C. jejuni, and Cryptosporidium presented lowest median critical concentrations for virus, bacteria, and protozoa, respectively: 0.74 GC, 1.73 CFU, and 0.39 viable oocysts per 100 mL in freshwater for children. These values were then used to determine minimum sample volumes corresponding to different recovery rates for culture method, digital polymerase chain reaction and quantitative PCR methods. The results indicate that for children, norovirus required the largest sample volumes of freshwater and marine water (52.08 to 178.57 L, based on the 5th percentile with a 10 % recovery rate), reflecting its low critical concentration and high potential for causing illness. In contrast, adenovirus and rotavirus required significantly smaller volumes (approximately 0.24 to 1.33 L). C. jejuni and Cryptosporidium, which required the highest sampling volumes for bacteria and protozoa, needed 1.72 to 11.09 L and 4.17 to 25.51 L, respectively. Additionally, the presented risk-based framework could provide a model for establishing pathogen thresholds, potentially guiding the creation of extensive risk-based criteria for various pathogens in recreational waters, thus aiding public health authorities in decision-making, strengthening pathogen monitoring, and improving water quality testing accuracy for enhanced health protection.