心律失常包括一系列以异常心律为特征的病症,影响全球数百万人,并显著增加发病率和死亡率。这篇综述提供了在管理心律失常的当前做法和新兴疗法的全面分析。涵盖他们的定义,分类,流行病学,以及有效管理的重要性。它探索了各种心律失常的病理生理学,包括心律失常发生的机制,比如重新进入,自动性,并触发了活动。该评论详细介绍了最新的诊断工具,包括心电图,Holter监测,和电生理研究,并讨论了不同心律失常的临床表现,从室上性到心室型和缓慢性心律失常。我们研究了当前的药理学和非药理学治疗策略,如抗心律失常药物,导管消融,和设备治疗,强调它们的功效和局限性。此外,这篇综述深入研究了新兴的疗法,包括先进的导管消融技术,新型抗心律失常药,基因治疗,和创新的设备技术,如无引线起搏器和皮下植入式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)。在不同人群中管理心律失常的特殊考虑因素,包括儿科,老年人,孕妇,正在讨论。此外,这篇综述探讨了心律失常管理的未来方向,强调个性化医疗,人工智能应用,以及先进技术在诊断和治疗中的集成。通过综合当前的知识和前景,这项审查旨在增进了解并促进该领域的进步,最终改善患者心律失常的预后。
Cardiac arrhythmias encompass a range of conditions characterized by abnormal heart rhythms, affecting millions globally and significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current practices and emerging therapies in managing cardiac arrhythmias, covering their definition, classification, epidemiology, and the critical importance of effective management. It explores the pathophysiology underlying various arrhythmias, including the mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis, such as re-entry, automaticity, and triggered activity. The review details the latest diagnostic tools, including ECG, Holter monitoring, and electrophysiological studies, and discusses the clinical presentation of different arrhythmias, from supraventricular to ventricular types and bradyarrhythmias. We examine current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies, such as antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation, and device therapy, highlighting their efficacy and limitations. Furthermore, the review delves into emerging therapies, including advanced catheter ablation techniques, novel antiarrhythmic agents, gene therapy, and innovative device technologies like leadless pacemakers and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Special considerations for managing arrhythmias in diverse populations, including pediatrics, the elderly, and pregnant women, are discussed. Additionally, the review explores future directions in arrhythmia management, emphasizing personalized medicine, artificial intelligence applications, and the integration of advanced technologies in diagnosis and treatment. By synthesizing current knowledge and prospects, this review aims to enhance understanding and promote advancements in the field, ultimately improving patient outcomes with cardiac arrhythmias.