Vitamin K (VK), a fat-soluble vitamin, is essential for the clotting of blood because of its role in the production of clotting factors in the liver. Moreover, researchers continue to explore the role of VK as an emerging novel bioactive molecule with the potential function of improving bone health. This review focuses on the effects of VK on bone health and related mechanisms, covering VK research history, homologous analogs, dietary sources, bioavailability, recommended intake, and deficiency. The information summarized here could contribute to the basic and clinical research on VK as a natural dietary additive and drug candidate for bone health. Future research is needed to extend the dietary VK database and explore the pharmacological safety of VK and factors affecting VK bioavailability to provide more support for the bone health benefits of VK through more clinical trials.

Chow diet is used in the majority of rodent studies and, although assumed to be standardized for dietary source and nutritional contents, it varies widely across commercial formulations. Similarly, current approaches to study aging in rodents involve a single-diet formulation across the lifespan and overlook age-specific nutritional requirements, which may have long-term effects on aging processes. Together, these nutrition-based disparities represent major gaps in geroscience research, affecting the interpretation and reproducibility of the studies. This perspective aims to raise awareness on the importance of rodent diet formulation and proposes that geroscientists include detailed descriptions of all experimental diets and feeding protocols. Detailed reporting of diets will enhance rigor and reproducibility of aging rodent studies and lead to more translational outcomes in geroscience research.

OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence has shown the beneficial effects of isoflavone on health. There is limited information on the usual isoflavone intake for Koreans. This study examined the usual intake of total isoflavone and its major food sources in Koreans according to age and gender.
METHODS: The dietary intake data of 21,271 participants aged 1 yrs and older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VII 2016-2018 were analyzed. The average isoflavone intake was estimated based on the 24-h dietary recall data in KNHANES and the isoflavone database from the Korea Rural Development Administration (RDA) and literatures. The usual isoflavone intake was estimated by applying the ratio of within- and between-participant variance estimated from the 2009 KNHANES data to the 7th KNHANES (2016-2018) data. The variance of the isoflavone intake was calculated using MIXTRAN macro with intake data for two days in the 2009 KNHANES. Complex sample analysis with stratified variables and integrated weights was conducted.
RESULTS: The mean total isoflavone intake in the Korean population aged 1 yrs and older (n = 21,271) was 139.27 mg/d, which was higher than the usual intake of 47.44mg/d. Legumes were a major contributing food group (91%), with arrowroot being a major individual contributor to the isoflavone intake (67.2%), followed by 21.3% of soybean, 5.4% of bean sprouts, and 2.1% of tofu. The usual isoflavone intake was highest in the participants aged 50 to 64 yrs old and increased with age until 50 to 64 yrs and then decreased with further increases in age. The usual isoflavone intake of participants aged 65 yrs and older was higher for men than for women, showing gender differences.
CONCLUSIONS: The usual dietary intake of isoflavone varied according to age and gender in the Korean population. This study showed that the usual isoflavone intake was lower than the average isoflavone intake. The difference between percentiles of the usual isoflavone intake was similarly smaller than the average intake. An estimation of average intake can be hindered by the occasional consumption of foods high in isoflavones, suggesting that the usual intake estimation method can be more appropriate. Further research will be needed to establish isoflavone dietary guidelines regarding the effects of isoflavone intake on health outcomes.

In recent years, the consumption of natural-based foods, including beans, fruits, legumes, nuts, oils, vegetables, spices, and whole grains, has been encouraged. This fact is essentially due to their content in bioactive phytochemicals, with the phenolic compounds standing out. Among them, anthocyanins have been a target of many studies due to the presence of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups in their chemical structure, which confer notable scavenging, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, being already recommended as supplementation to mitigate or even attenuate certain disorders, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological pathologies. The most well-known anthocyanins are cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. They are widespread in nature, being present in considerable amounts in red fruits and red vegetables. Overall, the present review intends to discuss the most recent findings on the potential health benefits from the daily intake of anthocyanin-rich foods, as well as their possible pharmacological mechanisms of action. However, before that, some emphasis regarding their chemical structure, dietary sources, and bioavailability was done.

UNASSIGNED: There is little evidence about salt intake and its food sources in the Iranian population, especially in children and adolescents.
UNASSIGNED: To investigate salt intake and dietary sources in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
UNASSIGNED: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014-2015. We randomly selected 1384 adults (50.3% female, 49.7% male) aged > 18 years [mean 37.9 (10.6) years], and 786 children and adolescents (50.9% male, 49.1% female) aged 6-18 years [mean 12.5 (3.4) years]. All participants underwent a dietary assessment for salt intake, using a validated food frequency questionnaire.
UNASSIGNED: The total salt intake was 10.9 (3.4) g/day in adults and 10.3 (2.9) g/day in children and adolescents. Added salt was the primary source of salt intake, followed by bread and cheese in both groups. Salt intake was related significantly to being younger, male, a smoker, less educated and physically active in the adult group. In children and adolescents, it was significantly associated with increasing age, male sex, low physical activity and parents\' education level (all P < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Salt intake in Isfahan was more than twice that recommended by the World Health Organization. The main source of sodium was added salt, followed bread and cheese. Future national studies are warranted to assess the dietary salt intake and its main sources in different provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
مدخول الملح ومصادره لدى الأطفال والمراهقين والبالغين في أصفهان بجمهورية إيران الإسلامية.
نوشين محمدفارد، أتينا مهداوي، علي رضا خسروي، أحمد إسماعيل زاده، عوض فيزي، نضال صرافزاديجان.
UNASSIGNED: لا توجد أدلة كثيرة حول كمية مدخول الملح ومصادره الغذائية بين الإيرانيين، لا سيما الأطفال والمراهقين.
UNASSIGNED: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التحري عن كمية مدخول الملح ومصادره الغذائية في أصفهان بجمهورية إيران الإسلامية.
UNASSIGNED: أُجرِي مسحٌ مقطعيٌ في الفترة2015 - 2014. اخترنا عشوائيًا 1384 بالغًا (50.3٪ منهم إناث، 49.7٪ ذكور) أكبر من 18 سنة [المتوسط 37.9 (10.6) سنة، و 786 طفلً ومراهقًا (50.9٪ ذكور، 49.1٪ إناث) تبلغ أعمارهم6 - 18 سنة [المتوسط 12.5 (3.4) سنة]. وخضع جميع المشاركين لتقييم غذائي لمدخول الملح، باستبيان تواتر الغذاء وهو استبيان مصادق عليه.
UNASSIGNED: بلغ إجمالي مدخول الملح 10.9 (3.4) جرام/يوم لدى البالغين، و 10.3 (2.9) جرام/يوم لدى الأطفال والمراهقين. وكان الملح المضاف هو المصدر الرئيسي لمدخول الملح، يليه الخبز والجبن في المجموعتين. ووجد ارتباطٌ يُعتَد به بين مدخول الملح وصغر العمر، والجنس الذكري، والمدخنين، والأقل تعليمً، والنشاط البدني في مجموعة البالغين. وفي الأطفال والمراهقين، ارتبط مدخول الملح بزيادة العمر، والجنس الذكري، وانخفاض النشاط البدني، ومستوى تعليم الوالدين (جميع القيم الاحتمالية أقل من 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: بلغ مدخول الملح في أصفهان أكثر من ضعف ما أوصت به منظمة الصحة العالمية. والمصدر الرئيسي للصوديوم هو الملح المضاف، يليه الخبز والجبن. هناك ما يبرر إجراء دراسات وطنية في المستقبل لتقييم كمية مدخول الملح في النظام الغذائي والمصادر الرئيسية له في محافظات مختلفة في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية.
Apport en sel et ses sources chez les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes à Ispahan (République islamique d\'Iran).
UNASSIGNED: Il existe peu de données sur l’apport en sel et ses sources alimentaires dans la population iranienne, en particulier chez les enfants et les adolescents.
UNASSIGNED: Étudier l\'apport en sel et les sources alimentaires à Ispahan (République islamique d\'Iran).
UNASSIGNED: Il s’agissait d’une enquête transversale réalisée au cours de la période comprise entre 2014 et 2015. Nous avons sélectionné de façon aléatoire 1384 adultes âgés de plus de 18 ans (50,3 % de femmes, 49,7 % d’hommes) [moyenne 37,9 ans (ET 10,6)] et 786 enfants et adolescents âgés de 6 à 18 ans (50,9 % de garçons, 49,1 % de filles) [moyenne 12,5 ans (ET 3,4)]. Tous les participants ont fait l\'objet d\'une évaluation diététique de leur apport en sel, à l\'aide d\'un questionnaire validé sur la fréquence de consommation des aliments.
UNASSIGNED: L\'apport total en sel était de 10,9 g/jour chez les adultes (ET 3,4) et de 10,3 g/jour chez les enfants et les adolescents (ET 2,9). Le sel ajouté était la principale source d\'apport en sel, suivi du pain et du fromage dans les deux groupes. Une relation significative a été établie entre l\'apport en sel et un âge plus jeune, l’appartenance au sexe masculin, le fait de fumer, d\'être moins instruit et d\'être physiquement actif dans le groupe des adultes. Chez les enfants et les adolescents, il était significativement associé à un âge plus avancé, au sexe masculin, à une faible activité physique et au niveau d\'éducation des parents (tous confondus, p < 0,05).
UNASSIGNED: L\'apport en sel à Ispahan était plus de deux fois supérieur à celui recommandé par l\'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. La principale source de sodium était le sel ajouté, suivi du pain et du fromage. De futures études nationales sont nécessaires pour évaluer l\'apport en sel alimentaire et ses principales sources dans différentes provinces de la République islamique d\'Iran.

Until today, numerous studies evaluated the topic of anthocyanins and various types of cancer, regarding the anthocyanins\' preventative and inhibitory effects, underlying molecular mechanisms, and such. However, there is no targeted review available regarding the anticarcinogenic effects of dietary anthocyanins on skin cancers. If diagnosed at the early stages, the survival rate of skin cancer is quite high. Nevertheless, the metastatic form has a short prognosis. In fact, the incidence of melanoma skin cancer, the type with high mortality, has increased exponentially over the last 30 years, causing the majority of skin cancer deaths. Malignant melanoma is considered a highly destructive type of skin cancer due to its particular capacity to grow and spread faster than any other type of cancers. Plants, in general, have been used in disease treatment for a long time, and medicinal plants are commonly a part of anticancer drugs on the market. Accordingly, this work primarily aims to emphasize the most recent improvements on the anticarcinogenic effects of anthocyanins from different plant sources, with an in-depth emphasis on melanoma skin cancer. We also briefly summarized the anthocyanin chemistry, their rich dietary sources in flowers, fruits, and vegetables, as well as their associated potential health benefits. Additionally, the importance of anthocyanins in topical applications such as their use in cosmetics is also given.

In pig, the assessment of bioavailability of dietary trace minerals with classical approaches such as relative bioavailability estimates or digestive tract balances have often generated inconsistent responses. In the present study, net portal-drained-viscera fluxes were monitored after a meal to assess intestinal absorption of zinc (Zn) or copper (Cu) according to dietary sources and levels of these trace minerals. Twelve pigs were surgically equipped with portal and carotid catheters and a portal ultrasonic flow probe for 12-h postprandial measurements. In a cross-over design, pigs received boluses of inorganic (I) or organic (O) dietary Cu and Zn at adequate (A, 20 and 200mg, respectively) or high (H, 40 and 400mg, respectively) level just before a 0.8-kg meal (semi-purified diet). Whatever treatments, arterial Zn increased by 72% at 45min postprandial and gradually declined thereafter (P<0.01). Arterial Zn were greater by 11% after O than I (P=0.02) and by 19% after H than A (P<0.01) meals. Net portal-drained-viscera fluxes of Zn during the first 240min postprandial were greater by 44% after O than I (P=0.10) and by 51% after H than A (P=0.07) meals. For Cu, portal-drained-viscera fluxes of Cu up to 240min postprandial were greater (P=0.03) after A than H meals. Those results suggest that Zn is absorbed rapidly, likely in the upper digestive tract of pigs and, whatever dietary levels, more efficiently after O meals. It appears that H levels of both Zn and Cu interfered with intestinal absorption of Cu and/or stimulate post-absorption enterocyte sequestration of this mineral.

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant with high rates of soil-to-plant transference. This makes exposure to Cd through the food-chain contamination a public health concern. Cd accumulates in kidneys, and the most frequently reported adverse effect of long-term Cd intake is injury to kidneys. The FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives established a tolerable dietary intake level and a threshold to safeguard population health. The FAO/WHO tolerable intake was set at 25 μg per kg body weight per month (58 μg per day for a 70-kg person) with urinary Cd threshold at 5.24 μg/g creatinine. Worldwide population data indicate that urinary Cd excretion reflects cumulative Cd exposure or body burden more accurately than estimated Cd intake, derived from total diet study (TDS). For the adult population, TDS estimated Cd intake of 8-25 μg/day, while urinary Cd levels suggest higher intake levels (>30 μg/day). These Cd intake estimates are below the FAO/WHO intake guideline, but they exceed the levels that are associated with distinct pathologies in many organ systems. A wide diversity of Cd toxicity targets and Cd toxicity levels argue for a more restrictive dietary Cd intake guideline and the measures that minimize Cd levels in foodstuffs.

In this study, the concentration of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in various edible Finnish Baltic Sea, freshwater, and farmed fish species were analysed. PFAAs were present in all the Baltic and freshwater species, but were not observed in any farmed fish. The most abundant compound in each species was perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), comprising 41-100% of the total concentration. The total PFAA concentration varied considerably from 0.31 to 46ngg(-1) fresh weight. A notable variation in the PFAA concentrations implies that a single fish species alone is not suitable for monitoring PFAA contamination in a certain area. Our results confirm that wild domestic fish is one of the PFAA source in the Finnish diet.