游戏被认为在个体发育的不同时间服务于不同的目的。游戏的性质和频率预计会随着发展轨迹和社会生态环境而相应变化。猩猩提供了一个机会,可以通过其扩展的不成熟阶段来解开孤独和社交游戏的本体遗传轨迹,以及种群和物种之间的社会生态变化。我们评估了两个种群(Pongopygmaeuswurmbii,在团南,婆罗洲,还有Suaq的P.Abelii,Sumatra),年龄(0-11岁),性别,和社会背景,使用超过11500小时的全天局灶性观测数据。我们发现了不同游戏类型的独立年龄轨迹,在社交游戏之前,孤独的物体和孤独的运动达到顶峰。社交游戏伙伴在个体发育过程中改变了,未成熟的男性比女性更有可能参与非母亲的社交活动。总的来说,在Suaq的社交游戏比Tuanan更频繁,链接到更频繁的合作伙伴可用性。此外,每次与特定物种相关,Tuanan不成熟的人与Suaq的同龄人一样参与社交游戏,暗示类似的内在动机。在团南社交性较低的人群中,水果的可获得性增加与更长的协会和社交游戏频率增加相关,但不是在Suaq.我们对猩猩的发现支持来自其他物种的证据,即不同的游戏类型遵循不同的发育轨迹,随性别而变化,社会机会,和生态背景。尽管绘制功能推论具有挑战性,反映成人社交能力和行为方式的不同发展轨迹可能表明游戏有几个,个体发育过程中的非互斥功能。
■在线版本包含补充材料,可在10.1007/s10764-023-00414-2获得。
Play is thought to serve different purposes at different times during ontogeny. The nature and frequency of play are expected to change accordingly over the developmental trajectory and with socio-ecological context. Orangutans offer the opportunity to disentangle the ontogenetic trajectories of solitary and social play with their extended immature phase, and socio-ecological variation among populations and species. We evaluated the frequency of play in 39 immature individuals across two populations (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, at Tuanan, Borneo, and P. abelii at Suaq, Sumatra), age (0-11 years), sex, and social context, using more than 11 500 h of full-day focal observation data. We found independent age trajectories of different play types, with solitary object and solitary locomotor peaking before social play. Social play partners changed during ontogeny, and male immatures were more likely to engage in non-mother social play than females. Overall, social play was more frequent at Suaq than Tuanan, linked to the more frequent availability of partners. Furthermore, per time in association with conspecifics, Tuanan immatures were as likely to engage in social play as their peers at Suaq, suggesting similar intrinsic motivation. Increasing fruit availability correlated with both longer associations and increased social play frequency in the less sociable population of Tuanan, but not at Suaq. Our findings on orangutans support evidence from other species that different play types follow different developmental trajectories, vary with sex, social opportunities, and ecological context. Although drawing functional inferences is challenging, the distinct developmental trajectories reflecting adult sociability and behavioral repertoires may indicate that play serves several, non-mutually exclusive functions during ontogeny.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10764-023-00414-2.