OBJECTIVE: Radical cystectomy readmission rates remain high, with around 25% of patients readmitted to index and nonindex hospitals in 30 days. Nonindex readmissions have been associated with poorer outcomes, including longer lengths of stay and higher mortality rates. This study aimed to examine the associations of social factors (e.g., sex, race, socioeconomic status, insurance type, and resident location) on readmission to index versus nonindex hospitals and discharge disposition.
METHODS: We conducted a population-based retrospective study using the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry (PCR) to identify patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy in Pennsylvania between 2010 and 2018. Readmitted patients were identified using the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council data (PHC4). The primary outcome was readmission location (i.e., index or nonindex hospital) following radical cystectomy. We used chi-square tests for categorical variables, Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables, multivariable logistic regression model to assess predictors of being readmitted to an index hospital and calculating the predicted probability of being admitted to an index hospital depending on discharge disposition.
RESULTS: A total of 517 patients were readmitted within 30-days after radical cystectomy. The majority of readmissions were index readmissions (83%). Median readmission hospital stay was 4 days (interquartile range [IQR] 4) for index and 5 days (IQR 7) for nonindex hospitals, P = 0.01. Patients readmitted to index hospitals had fewer comorbidities (median weighted Elixhauser Comorbidity Index 2 (IQR 2)) and lived in urban areas (89%). Discharge with home care was associated with a higher odds of index readmission (odds ratio, [OR] 2.40; 95% confidence interval, [CI] 1.25-4.52).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients residing in urban areas and with fewer comorbidities were more likely to be readmitted to index hospitals than nonindex hospitals. Socioeconomic status and insurance type did not correlate with the type of readmission. Finally, being discharged with home health care was found to be a predictor of readmission to an index hospital.

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OBJECTIVE: To develop the use of Thiel soft embalmed human cadavers (TeC) in open radical cystectomy (ORC) training for the first time, to investigate the effect of cadaveric training on surgical trainees\' technical skills/performance and to determine how trainees perceive the use of cadaveric workshops.
METHODS: A 3-day hands-on workshop was organised. Ten trainees performed ORC on five TeC, supervised by five experts. Feedback from trainees and mentors was evaluated on a five-point Likert scale. All procedures were completed in a fully equipped surgical environment and complied with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
RESULTS: The workshop participants evaluated the anatomical and manipulation characteristics of the TeC as similar to real-life conditions. The colour and consistency of the urethra and ureter differed little from those in live patients. The trainees stated that the TeC were beneficial for learning the stages of ORC and urinary diversion (UD), while their self-confidence increased. In terms of realism, all steps of radical cystectomy (RC) were rated 4 out of 5 or higher on the Likert scale by both trainees and faculty.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of TeC for RC und UD was perceived as favourable by trainees and faculty. The TeC demonstrated a surprising ability to mimic real-life anatomy and represent a new and effective surgical training tool.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) features of long survivors after radical cystectomy (RC) compared to healthy population (HP) control.
METHODS: Patients with cT2-4/N0/M0 or Bacillus Calmette-Guérine (BCG) failure high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) undergoing RC and ileal Orthotopic Neobladder (iON) from 2010 to 2015 were enrolled in \"BCa cohort\". Patients aged ≥ 18 yrs old, with no previous diagnosis of BCa or any genitourinary cancer disease were included from General Practitioner outpatients and enrolled in \"HP cohort\". A 1:1 propensity score matched (PSM) analysis was performed, and HRQoL outcomes were collected according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), and generic (QLQ-C30) questionnaires.
RESULTS: A total of 401 patients were enrolled in the study, 99 and 302 in BCa and HP cohorts, respectively. After applying 1:1 PSM analysis 67 patients were included for each group. Analysis of self-reported HRQoL outcomes described a better HRQoL in BCa cohort. Particularly, in the long run patients receiving RC and iON significantly experienced higher global health-status/QoL (p < 0.001), emotional (p = 0.003) and cognitive functioning (p < 0.001) than HP cohort, providing a significantly lower impairment in terms of fatigue (p = 0.004), pain (p = 0.004), dyspnea (p = 0.02) and insomnia (p = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS: Long survivors after RC and iON seems to have a major awareness of self-reported HRQoL compared to HP control group.

UNASSIGNED: We described the technique and outcomes of robot-assisted repair of uretero-enteric strictures (UES) following robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) and urinary diversion.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective review of our RARC database from November 2005 to August 2023 at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer center was performed. Patients who developed UES and ultimately underwent robot-assisted uretero-enteric reimplantation (RUER) were identified. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compute the cumulative incidence recurrence rate of UES after RUER. A multivariable regression model was used to identify variables associated with UES recurrence.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 123 (15%) out of 808 RARC patients developed UES, of whom 52 underwent reimplantation (45 patients underwent RUER [n=55 cases] and seven patients underwent open uretero-enteric reimplantation). The median time from RARC to UES was 4.4 (interquartile range 3.0-7.0) months, and the median time between UES and RUER was 5.2 (interquartile range 3.2-8.9) months. The 3-year recurrence rate after RUER is about 29%. On multivariable analysis, longer hospital stay (hazard ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.61, p<0.01) was associated with recurrent UES after RUER.
UNASSIGNED: RUER for UES after RARC is feasible with durable outcomes although a notable subset of patients experienced postoperative complications and UES recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prognostic significance of residual tumor at repeat transurethral resection (reTUR) in contemporary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients.
METHODS: Patients were identified retrospectively from eight referral centers in France, Italy and Spain. The cohort included consecutive patients with high or very-high risk NMIBC who underwent reTUR and subsequent adjuvant BCG therapy.
RESULTS: A total of 440 high-risk NMIBC patients were screened, 29 (6%) were upstaged ≥ T2 at reTUR and 411 were analyzed (T1 stage: n = 275, 67%). Residual tumor was found in 191 cases (46%). In patients with T1 tumor on initial TURBT, persistent T1 tumor was found in 18% of reTUR (n = 49/275). In patients with high-grade Ta tumor on initial TURBT, T1 tumor was found in 6% of reTUR (n = 9/136). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, we found no statistical association between the use of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD, p = 0.4) or type of resection (conventional vs. en bloc, p = 0.6) and the risk of residual tumor. The estimated 5-yr recurrence and progression-free survival were 56% and 94%, respectively. Residual tumor was significantly associated with a higher risk of recurrence (p < 0.001) but not progression (p = 0.11). Only residual T1 tumor was associated with a higher risk of progression (p < 0.001) with an estimated 5-yr progression-free survival rate of 76%.
CONCLUSIONS: ReTUR should remain a standard for T1 tumors, irrespective of the use of en bloc resection or PDD and could be safely omitted in high-grade Ta tumors. Persistent T1 tumor at reTUR should not exclude these patients from conservative management, and further studies are needed to explore the benefit of a third resection in this subgroup.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study is to investigate the association between DM and oncological outcomes among patients with muscle-invasive (MI) or high-risk non-muscle invasive (NMI) bladder cancer (BC) who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion (RARC).
METHODS: An IRB approved multi-institutional BC database was queried, including patients underwent RARC between January 2013 and June 2023. Patients were divided into two groups according to DM status. Baseline, clinical, perioperative, pathologic data were compared. Chi-square and Student t tests were performed to compare categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the association between DM and oncologic outcomes.
RESULTS: Out of 547 consecutive patients, 97 (17.7%) had DM. The two cohorts showed similar preoperative features, except for ASA score (p = 0.01) and Hypertension rates (p < 0.001). No differences were detected for perioperative complications, pT stage, pN stages and surgical margins status (all p > 0.12). DM patients displayed significantly lower 5-yr disease-free survival (DFS) (44.6% vs. 63.3%, p = 0.007), 5-yr cancer-specific survival (CSS) (45.1% vs. 70.1%, p = 0.001) and 5-yr Overall survival (OS) (39.9% vs. 63.8%, p = 0.001). At Multivariable Cox-regression analyses DM status was identified as independent predictor of worse cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR 2.1; p = 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (HR 2.05; p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Among BC patients who underwent RARC, DM patients showed worse oncologic outcomes than the non-DM patients, with DM status playing an independent negative predicting role in CSS and OS. Future prospective studies are awaited, stimulating basic and translational research to identify possible mechanisms of interaction between DM and BC.

OBJECTIVE: To report perioperative and long-term postoperative outcomes of cystectomy patients with ileal conduit (IC) urinary diversion undergoing parastomal hernia (PSH) repair.
METHODS: We reviewed patients who underwent cystectomy and IC diversion between 2003 and 2022 in our center. Baseline variables, including surgical approach of PSH repair and repair technique, were captured. Multivariable Cox regressionanalysis was performed to test for the associations between different variables and PSH recurrence.
RESULTS: Thirty-six patients with a median (IQR) age of 79 (73-82) years were included. The median time between cystectomy and PSH repair was 30 (14-49) months. Most PSH repairs (32/36, 89%) were performed electively, while 4 were due to small bowel obstruction. Hernia repairs were performed through open (n=25), robotic (10), and laparoscopic approaches (1). Surgical techniques included direct repair with mesh (20), direct repair without mesh (4), stoma relocation with mesh (5), and stomarelocation without mesh (7). The 90-day complication rate was 28%. In a median follow-up of 24 (7-47) months, 17 patients (47%) had a recurrence. The median time to recurrence was 9 (7-24) months. On multivariable analysis, 90-day complication following PSH repair was associated with an increased risk of recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: In this report of one of the largest series of PSH repair in the Urology literature, 47% of patients had a recurrence following hernia repair with a median follow-up time of 2 years. There was no significant difference in recurrence rates when comparing repair technique or the use of open or minimally invasive approaches.

BACKGROUND: In 2023, an estimated 82,290 individuals were diagnosed with bladder cancer in the United States. For muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), the American Urological Association recommends offering radical cystectomy with cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, patients are increasingly requesting alternative treatments.
OBJECTIVE: To describe factors influencing selection of radical cystectomy with cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC + RC), radical cystectomy monotherapy (RC), or tri-modality therapy (TMT) among patients with MIBC.
METHODS: Individual, semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with 18 adults who underwent MIBC treatment at the University of North Carolina, recruiting six patients each from three treatment groups: 1) NAC + RC, 2) RC, and 3) TMT. Interview transcriptions were qualitatively analyzed using QSR NVivo, with major themes and sub-themes extracted. Patients also completed the Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9; range 0-100).
RESULTS: Concern for survival and risks, quality of life, and varied patient preferences for involvement influenced the decision-making process. Concern surrounding sexual function, bladder preservation, and urostomy bags drove patients towards TMT. High levels of shared decision-making were observed overall, with a median SDM-Q-9 score of 95 (IQR 89-100). Patients undergoing TMT reported the highest median SDM-Q-9 score (97, IQR 94-100), while those receiving radical cystectomy alone had the lowest (66, IQR 37-96).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MIBC described a multifaceted treatment decision-making process, highlighting key influences, concerns, and unmet needs. Understanding this process can help address misconceptions and align treatment choices with patient goals. Physicians can use these insights to engage in shared decision-making, ultimately improving patient experiences and outcomes.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide. In approximately 25% of cases, it presents as a muscle-invasive disease, requiring a radical treatment. Traditionally, the mainstay of treatment has been radical cystectomy (RC), but in the last decade, bladder-sparing treatments have been gaining growing interest. In particular, trimodal therapy (TMT) seems to yield survival results comparable to RC with less morbidity and better quality of life (QoL) outcomes. In this scenario, we aimed at shedding light on the role of the histological subtypes (HS) of BC and their prognostic significance in muscle-invasive BC (MIBC), treated either surgically or with TMT. We performed a narrative review to provide an overview of the current literature on this topic. When compared with patients diagnosed with conventional urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the same disease stage, survival did not appear to be significantly worse across the reports. But when sub-analyzed for separate subtype, some appeared to be independently associated with adverse survival outcomes such as the micropapillary, plasmacytoid, small-cell, and sarcomatoid subtypes, whereas others did not. Moreover, the optimal management remains to be defined, also depending on the therapeutic susceptibility of each histology. From this perspective, multi-disciplinary assessment alongside the routine inclusion of such entities in randomized clinical trials appears to be essential.