Some consumers are replacing cow\'s milk with plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs). The present study aimed to characterize the lipid profiles of cow\'s milk (n = 60) and PBMA types (soya, oat, rice, almond, coconut, and hazelnut; n = 10 per type). Significant differences were found in the fatty acid (FA) profiles of PBMAs and milk, particularly in FA diversity (15 FAs in PBMAs vs 54 FAs in milk) and the proportion of prime FA groups. The FA profile of coconut was dominated by saturated FAs (SFA), whereas monounsaturated FAs (MUFA) or polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) were dominant in the remaining PBMA types. Cholesterol was not detected in any PBMA type. The FA profile of milk FAs was dominated by SFA; however, different individual SFA have varying health outcomes. Additionally, milk contains some FA groups with health-promoting properties, such as methyl-branched-chain FAs (BCFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), both of which are absent in PBMAs.

Background: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated food allergy characterized by gastrointestinal symptom onset within 1-4 hours from trigger food ingestion. In the literature, some authors have previously described the possibility that a patient with FPIES may develop an IgE-mediated allergy to the same trigger food, especially cow\'s milk (CM). Case Presentation: We reported five cases of CM-FPIES converting to IgE-mediated CM allergy presented at our tertiary pediatric Allergy Unit and performed a review of the literature, aiming to characterize the clinical features of patients who are at risk of developing such conversion. Conclusions: This phenomenon raises the question of whether IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated allergies represent a spectrum of the same disease and highlights the need for further investigation to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of this process.

The development of innovative ingredients of specialized formula for children with intolerance to cow\'s milk proteins requires accounting the influence of the protein component on the allergic sensitivity. The aim of the research was to study the effect of lactoferrin (LF) from cow colostrum, cow\'s milk protein hydrolysate (CMPH) and mare\'s milk protein hydrolysate (MMPH) on the severity of the systemic anaphylaxis reaction, the levels of specific IgG antibodies and cytokines in rats parenterally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA). Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 4 groups of 26 male Wistar rats, which were sensitized intraperitoneally with chicken egg OVA and a systemic anaphylaxis reaction was induced on the day 29 by intravenous administration of a challenge dose of the antigen (6 mg per kg body weight). LF, CMPH and MMPH were introduced into the diet in doses of 1.4-2 g/kg body weight per day (on an average 1.59±0.04, 1.53±0.05 and 1.48±0.05 g per kg body weight respectively). The content of IgG antibodies in the blood serum was determined by an indirect ELISA; the levels of cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α were detected by multiplex immunoassay. Results. Dietary LF did not have a significant effect on the severity of active anaphylactic shock (AAS), concentrations of antibodies and cytokines in the blood of animals. As a result of CMPH consumption, there were no significant changes in AAS severity and IgG antibodies to OVA but significant increase in TNF-α level was observed as well as a significant decrease in IL-1α (p<0.05). In animals receiving MMPH, there were also no significant changes in the severity of AAS, but a 1.9-fold decrease in the level of IgG antibodies to OVA (p<0.001) was noticed along with a significant increase in IL-12(p70) (p<0.05) and IL-10 (p<0.10) level. Conclusion. Cosumption of LF by sensitized rats didn\'t significantly affect their anaphylactic sensitivity and cytokine profile, while CMPH intake induced some signs of pro-inflammatory processes. Consumption of MMPH was accompanied by the formation of an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, which corresponds to a decrease in the intensity of the humoral immune response to the model allergen. Differences in the effects of two hydrolisates, which have similar degrees of hydrolysis, may be associated with the specific composition of glycopeptides formed during the enzymatic cleavage of milk protein produced by these two species of dairy animals.

Pediatricians and allergists have noted a recent increase in cases of food allergy and anaphylaxis to peanuts and nuts, affecting very young children with worrying consequences in terms of quality of life. Children suffering from persistent cow\'s milk protein allergies that do not heal spontaneously are at very high risk of a fatal accident. Based on the findings of these studies, recommendations for primary prevention are made.

Food-protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is an increasingly reported transient and benign form of colitis that occurs commonly in the first weeks of life in healthy breastfed or formula-fed infants. Distal colon mucosal inflammation is caused by a non-IgE immune reaction to food allergens, more commonly to cow\'s milk protein. Rectal bleeding possibly associated with mucus and loose stools is the clinical hallmark of FPIAP. To date, no specific biomarker is available, and investigations are reserved for severe cases. Disappearance of blood in the stool may occur within days or weeks from starting the maternal or infant elimination diet, and tolerance to the food allergen is typically acquired before one year of life in most patients. In some infants, no relapse of bleeding occurs when the presumed offending food is reassumed after a few weeks of the elimination diet. Many guidelines and expert consensus on cow\'s milk allergy have recently been published. However, the role of diet is still debated, and recommendations on the appropriateness and duration of allergen elimination in FPIAP are heterogeneous. This review summarizes and compares the different proposed nutritional management of infants suffering from FPIAP, highlighting the pros and cons according to the most recent literature data.

Due to its very early introduction, cow\'s milk is one of the first foods that can cause adverse reactions in human beings. Lactose intolerance (LI) and cow\'s milk allergy (CMA) are the most common adverse reactions to cow\'s milk. While LI is due to insufficient small intestinal lactase activity and/or a large quantity of ingested lactose, CMA is an aberrant immune reaction to cow\'s milk proteins, particularly casein or β-lactoglobulin. However, the clinical manifestations of LI and CMA, particularly their gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, are very similar, which might lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis as well as nutritional risks due to inappropriate dietary interventions or unnecessary dietary restriction. Formula-fed infants with LI should be treated with formula with reduced or no lactose, while those with CMA should be treated with formula containing extensive hydrolyzed cow\'s milk protein or amino acids. This review is therefore written to assist clinicians to better understand the pathophysiologies of LI and CMA as well as to recognize the similarities and differences between clinical manifestations of LI and CMA.

Cow\'s milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, \"lactase-deficient\" individuals cannot digest milk\'s main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop allergies specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions differs, and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restrictions or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the opinion of the scientific community proposing to replace the \"one size fits all\" approach with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state.

UNASSIGNED: When consumed after eccentric exercise, cow\'s milk has been shown to improve recovery and alleviate symptoms of exercise induced muscle damage. Although currently less commercially available than cow\'s milk, sheep\'s milk may offer similar or greater benefits for recovery as it is higher in protein and energy; however, the effect of sheep\'s milk in any exercise context has not been explored. This study compared the effects of a sheep\'s milk beverage and a cow\'s milk beverage on recovery from strenuous eccentric exercise. Additionally, the effects of each beverage on satiety and gastrointestinal comfort were assessed.
UNASSIGNED: Ten healthy males completed baseline measures of perceived muscle soreness and maximal voluntary concentric, eccentric, and isometric quadriceps force of one leg before completing 200 maximal eccentric knee extensions on an isokinetic dynamometer. Measures were repeated 0.5, 24, 48 and 72 h post-eccentric exercise. After 0.5 h measures, participants consumed either 450 ml of chocolate flavored sheep\'s milk or chocolate flavored cow\'s milk. Following a washout period, participants completed a second trial on the contralateral leg and consumed the other beverage. Additionally, a satiety and gastrointestinal comfort questionnaire was completed before and after each beverage was consumed.
UNASSIGNED: Eccentric exercise brought about a significant decrease in muscle function over time (all P < 0.012). No difference between treatments (all P > 0.097) was found. Measures of muscle soreness increased over time (all P < 0.002), however no difference was observed between treatments (all P > 0.072). Only sheep\'s milk altered perceived satiety, however, only the response to \"How full do you feel\" differed between treatments (P = 0.04).
UNASSIGNED: The results of this study suggest that consuming sheep\'s milk may provide similar benefits as cow\'s milk when recovering from exercise-induced muscle damage. While these findings provide initial support for the use of sheep\'s milk in a muscle recovery context, further research is warranted to confirm these findings. Given its superior nutritional profile, greater impact on satiety and lower environment impact, sheep\'s milk may be a more efficient post-exercise recovery beverage, compared to cow\'s milk.

Background Childhood obesity is an alarming health problem. Early feeding habits and factors are among the etiological factors contributing to obesity. Objectives The objective of this study is to evaluate the correlation between breastfeeding, alongside other relevant factors, and their potential role as preventative measures against obesity. Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on children who attended a pediatric clinic. Demographic, clinical, and anthropometric measurements were taken from the hospital records. A questionnaire was completed by parents telephonically. Overweight was identified as a body mass index (BMI) of > 85-95% and obesity as a BMI of > 95%. Results A total of 101 children, with a mean age of 8.88 ± 4.01 (range one to 18) years, were involved, of whom 58.4% were boys. A high BMI (overweight or obese) was found in 30 (29.7%) children. The highest BMIs were among soft drink consumers [two children (66.7%) consumed daily and eight children (40%) consumed monthly], high birth weight in two children (40%), cow\'s milk formula feeding in eight children (38%), and weekly fast food consumption in 18 children (35%), none of these were statistically significant. Nevertheless, there was a significant association between mean electronic device usage and high (204.5 ± 164.76 hours) and normal BMI (147.61 ± 110.24 hours) (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion This small cross-sectional study shows that almost one-third of the included children were overweight or obese, which is comparable to what has been published in the literature. Moreover, there was a potential link between some factors and obesity, especially screen time, which may contribute to the controversial literature.