多种分子机制有助于结直肠癌(CRC)的发展,与染色体不稳定性(CIN)起重要作用。CRC受几个重要基因突变的影响,包括APC,TP53,KRAS,PIK3CA,BRAF,和SMYD4。这种疾病的三种分子亚型是CIN,MSI-H,和CIMP(CpG岛表型)。p53功能障碍和异常的Wnt信号传导是CRC癌变的共同特征。尽管常规疗法取得了进展,转移性CRC由于毒性和耐药性仍然难以治疗。癌症的Theranostics可以从纳米技术中获益,因为这将使更有针对性,个性化护理,副作用少。利用功能化的纳米粒子已经实现了MRI指导的基因治疗,磁性热疗,化疗,免疫疗法,和光热/光动力疗法,从而从根本上改变癌症的治疗方式。在纳米颗粒上使用配体或肽的主动靶向改善了药物向癌细胞的递送。纳米结构,如药物肽偶联物,壳聚糖纳米粒,金纳米粒子,碳纳米管,介孔二氧化硅基纳米粒子,银纳米粒子,杂化脂质-聚合物纳米粒,氧化铁纳米颗粒,和量子点可以实现靶向药物递送和增强针对CRC的治疗功效。纳米药物目前正在临床试验中评估用于治疗结直肠癌,承诺更有效和个性化的治疗。本文研究了CRC的当前纳米医学专利,包括Delta-Fly的工作,梅里马克,和Pfenning,意义&合作伙伴,在其他人中。就未来纳米医学的研发而言,配体生产,颗粒大小,和清除是关键因素。最后,在纳米医学中用于靶向药物给药和诊断的众多纳米结构显示了增强CRC治疗的乐观前景.本文还重点介绍了现有结肠癌治疗方法的纳米医学研究和开发的成功。
Multiple molecular mechanisms contribute to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), with chromosomal instability (CIN) playing a significant role. CRC is influenced by mutations in several important genes, including APC, TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, and SMYD4. The three molecular subtypes of this disease are CIN, MSI-H, and CIMP (CpG-island phenotype). p53 dysfunction and aberrant Wnt signalling are common characteristics of CRC carcinogenesis. Despite advances in conventional therapy, metastatic CRC remains difficult to treat due to toxicity and resistance. Theranostics for cancer could significantly benefit from nanotechnology, as it would enable more targeted, individualised care with fewer side effects. Utilising functionalized nanoparticles has enabled MRI-guided gene therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and photothermal/photodynamic therapy, thereby radically modifying the way cancer is treated. Active targeting using ligands or peptides on nanoparticles improves the delivery of drugs to cancer cells. Nanostructures such as drug peptide conjugates, chitosan nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots may enable targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy against CRC. Nanomedicines are presently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of colorectal cancer, with the promise of more effective and individualised therapies. This article examines current nanomedicine patents for CRC, including the work of Delta-Fly, Merrimack, and Pfenning, Meaning & Partner, among others. In terms of future nanomedicine research and development, ligand production, particle size, and clearance are crucial factors. Lastly, the numerous nanostructures utilized in nanomedicine for targeted drug administration and diagnostics indicate optimistic prospects for enhancing CRC treatment. The successes of nanomedicine research and development for existing colon cancer treatments are also highlighted in this review.